标签： 苏州桑拿夜生活

Choose the Soviet Union or the United States： the division of the Korean Peninsula in 1946

After the recovery of the Korean peninsula, political parties and social organizations began to be formed in both the north and the south. Almost all political parties put their goals and tasks under the banner of independence and democracy, but their respective political goals and programs were not clear in the early days.

After the announcement of the agreement on North Korea at the Moscow Foreign Ministers’ Meeting, around the trusteeship system itself, the true features, true intentions and political purposes of these political parties began to be clearly defined, and the political forces in North Korea were divided into two camps: those in favor of trusteeship (Zantuo) and those against trusteeship (Anti-Tuotuo). Under the appearance of Zantuo and Anti-Tuotuo, the pro-Soviet and pro-American positions were corresponding.

Generally speaking, the situation in North Korea is relatively simple. Although there are voices against trusteeship, it is not enough to form a force and pose a threat to the Zanto camp. The political situation in North Korea is almost completely dominated by the Zanto camp. In contrast, the situation in South Korea is more complicated. The anti-Tuo camp and the Zantuo camp are in opposition, and there are divisions within each camp, so the politics in South Korea is divided.

North Korea unanimously supports the Moscow agreement.

On New Year’s Day in 1946, shortly after the announcement of the Moscow Agreement, Kim Il Sung, who had been elected as the first secretary of the communist party of North Korea, mentioned the significance of the Moscow Agreement to the cancellation of the 38th parallel in his New Year’s speech. On January 5th, at a lecture held by the North Korean Women’s League, Kim Il Sung publicly expressed his personal views on the Moscow Agreement for the first time. He believed that the Moscow Agreement could guarantee North Korea’s independence and protect it from fascist aggression, no matter from the international or domestic political situation, so he expressed active support for it.

Kim Il Sung also said that the United Nations has made it clear that it has no territorial ambitions for North Korea, and all those who oppose the Moscow agreement are pro-Japanese and national traitors, calling them people who undermine friendly relations with the Soviet Union. In an interview with reporters on February 28th, Kim Il Sung once again said that the Moscow Agreement opened the way for peace in the Far East and independence of North Korea. He asserted that the implementation of the Moscow Agreement could realize the development of democracy, independence, wipe out the remnants of Japanese imperialism and solve the problem of economic chaos. Therefore, the People’s Committee should make preparations for the formation of the government according to the Moscow agreement, actively analyze the true meaning of the agreement, and carry out the work of breaking the false propaganda of reactionaries. Kim Il Sung believes that the distortion and anti-propaganda of the Moscow agreement is the destruction of the United front, which prevents all the directions of democracy. At this time, Kim Il Sung has become the chairman of the Provisional People’s Committee of North Korea, and his position basically represents the attitude of most political parties in North Korea towards the Moscow Agreement.

Kim Il-sung

At the same time, mass activities in favor of hosting and maintaining the Moscow agreement have also been carried out in North Korea. On January 6th, a city-wide parade holding high the banner of solidarity with the Moscow resolution reached its climax in Pyongyang. The demonstrators held high the slogan "The Moscow resolution of the foreign ministers of the three countries can guarantee freedom, independence and the establishment of a democratic Korea". A radio report in Moscow on the 10th said: About 100,000 people took part in the demonstration and expressed their welcome to the decision of the Moscow meeting of foreign ministers of the three countries on North Korea. All the participants held the national flags of North Korea, the Soviet Union, Britain, China and the United States, and the portraits of Lenin, Stalin and Korean hero Cui Yongjian, and held up slogans to express their full support for the resolution of the Moscow meeting on North Korea, and the Korean people thanked the Red Army and its leader Marshal Stalin for their efforts to build a democratic North Korea. On January 29th, another mass demonstration was held in Sinuiju, and about 20,000 people took part in the demonstration. The masses held high the slogans and slogans welcoming the Moscow Conference resolution on North Korea. The demonstrators held a mass meeting in the central street, and eight representatives delivered speeches, warmly welcoming the resolution of the Moscow conference on North Korea and calling on the people of the whole country to use all their strength to restore the country’s economy.

Nevertheless, there were still anti-trust elements among North Korean politicians at that time. In the words of Shtykov, then head of the Soviet delegation to the United States-Soviet Joint Committee, there should be "hundreds". Cao Xizhi, chairman of the Democratic Party of Korea, who is deeply admired by the North Korean people, is one of them. After the Moscow agreement was announced, Cao Xizhi made it clear that he opposed trusteeship, claiming that "the trusteeship rule of traitorous countries is absolutely unacceptable". To this end, the Soviet Union has repeatedly softened and pressured him to publicly issue a statement supporting the decision of the three foreign ministers’ meeting in Moscow, but Cao Xizhi refused on the grounds that it should be decided by all the people and he could not make decisions at will. Cao Xizhi refused to cooperate with the Soviet Union, resolutely opposed the attitude of trusteeship, and finally let the Soviet Union decide to abandon him politically.

According to Shtykov’s later recollection, "When Cao Xizhi Group tried to express its opinions on the words and deeds of our representatives attending the Seoul meeting, I was forced to tell the activist to mind his own business. We seized this opportunity and thoroughly settled accounts with Cao Xizhi. " Shtykov immediately reported to Stalin that Cao Xizhi was disloyal to the Soviet policy and had a "nationalist tendency". He regarded the Soviet army in Korea as the same occupier as the Japanese. This made Stalin decide to replace Cao Xizhi. Shtykov recommended Kim Il Sung, who was only in his early thirties, lived in the Soviet Union and spoke fluent Russian. Stalin agreed and said, "North Korea is a young country and needs young leaders." The Soviet Union put Cao Xizhi under house arrest in order to stop her organized anti-trust movement. Soon, Cao Xizhi disappeared not only from the political stage, but also from Korean society. On February 24, 1946, the Democratic Party of Korea held its first congress and dissolved the former Central Committee. Cao Xizhi and his supporters who were absent from the meeting were expelled from the party. Cui Yongjian, Kim Il Sung’s former close comrade-in-arms in the Soviet camp and a member of the 88th Brigade, was elected as the new chairman of the Democratic Party. It can be seen that after the Moscow meeting, the Soviet side regarded whether it was in favor of trusteeship and whether it supported the Moscow agreement as a weather vane to test whether the political stance of North Korean political forces was pro-Soviet.

Cao wanzhi

In this context, the Civil Affairs Bureau of the Soviet Union has paid more attention to the propaganda and guidance related to the Moscow Agreement. On January 3, 1946, Ignacy Yev, who was in charge of political work in the Soviet Civil Affairs Bureau of Korea, held a meeting of North Korean newspaper editors and book inspectors, expounded the essence of the Moscow Agreement, and assigned practical tasks to the participants, namely, correctly publicizing the Moscow resolution to the residents through newspapers and periodicals, fighting pro-Japanese factions who tried to distort the spirit of the resolution, cultivating the trust of the Korean people in the Moscow resolution, and calling on the people to solve the current problems. All localities have taken active actions one after another. On January 18th, the Propaganda Department of communist party Municipal Committee of South Pyongan Province sent a propaganda team to the local area to "continue to strengthen the local residents’ understanding of the Moscow Conference resolution on North Korea". The political workers in garrison headquarters, Huanghai Road, will take it as their duty to explain the meaning of the Moscow Agreement to the leaders of local parties and state committees of people’s committees.

In any case, by the end of May 1946, after the first meeting of the United States-Soviet Joint Committee, compared with the complicated and divided situation in South Korea caused by anti-trust and anti-trust, "all political parties in North Korea supported the Moscow Resolution", including communist party, Democratic Party, New People’s Party, Tiandao Party, Women’s League, Democratic Youth League, Farmers’ League, trade unions and some other organizations, totaling about 50. North Korea unanimously supported the Moscow agreement on trusteeship.

"Second Munich": Protest from South Korea

At the beginning of the announcement of the Moscow Agreement, almost all Koreans in the south immediately protested strongly against the foreign ministers’ decisions. South Korean newspapers described the meeting as "the second Munich", and the main objection was the provisions on trusteeship. North Koreans argue that any trusteeship, no matter how short, means unnecessarily delaying the day when they can gain complete freedom and independence.

The Moscow Agreement had a great influence on the political development in South Korea, which caused the opposition between the anti-Tuo and Zantuo camps and led to the obvious polarization between the right and left political forces.

In the anti-trust camp, the right-wing political parties are active, among which there are three more important forces, namely, the provisional government of the Republic of Korea led by Jin Jiu (later reorganized into the Korean Independence Party with the decline of the authority and influence of the provisional government), the Central Agreement Council for Promoting Li Chengwan’s Independence (referred to as independence promotion) and the Korean People’s Party.

After the announcement of the Moscow Agreement, the interim government headed by Jin Jiu set up the National General Mobilization Committee against Trusteeship (hereinafter referred to as the Anti-Trusteeship Mobilization Committee). In their statement, they declared: "To strive for 5,000 years of sovereignty and 3 million freedoms, we must support our own political activities and exclude foreign trusteeship." On December 29, 1945, the anti-trust mobilization Committee formulated organizational regulations and was determined to launch a fierce anti-trust movement. The leftists and Rightists in the interim government all expressed their anti-trust ideas. Their plan at that time was to create an anti-trust atmosphere in an all-round way from the organization and form an anti-trust mobilization Committee to grasp the leading power of the political situation and further take over the military and political affairs.

As a veteran of the interim government, Li Chengwan did not participate in the anti-trust mobilization committee, but expressed his anti-trust proposition by organizing other political activities. As the United States has repeatedly stated its position of implementing trusteeship, Li Chengwan said that it had long expected this, so it had already prepared countermeasures. He made up his mind to follow his own prepared policy, emphasizing "don’t be lured by the so-called’ short five years’", and he advocated that the people of the whole nation should unite and strive for the sympathy of the United States, Britain and China. Li Chengwan’s idea is probably because he thinks that the implementation of the trusteeship system in North Korea is the insistence of the Soviet Union, but the United States, Britain and China are not so firm. If we can win the unanimous sympathy of the three countries for North Korea, then the trusteeship system may not be implemented.

The Korean People’s Party, on the other hand, is ambiguous because its leader Song Zhenyu’s attitude on trusteeship is unclear. On the one hand, Song Zhenyu thought that the trusteeship rule should not be implemented in North Korea, and the Korean people should no longer be dominated by other nationalities. The trusteeship system ignored international faith and hindered the development of world history, so it must be opposed. He emphasized that "every 30 million people must carry out a national movement and oppose trusteeship rule"; On the other hand, at the meeting held to discuss the trusteeship rule, he also said that North Korea needed several years of trusteeship rule in order to achieve complete independence. This unclear attitude is probably due to his maintaining a friendly relationship with the US military government, and the trusteeship system is recognized by the United States. Too clear anti-trust stance may make the US military politically difficult. Song Zhenyu’s vacillating position on trusteeship eventually led to his assassination because of this matter. His successor, Sung-su Kim, clearly expressed his clear stand on the trusteeship issue. He believed that the trusteeship rule violated the principle of North Korea’s complete independence and must be resolutely opposed.

In order to further consolidate the unity of the anti-trust camp, Jin Jiu issued a statement on January 4, 1946, calling on all political forces around to unite and hold an extraordinary political meeting for the establishment of the transitional government. He advocated that an extraordinary political meeting should be held immediately and a United front should be formed. On this basis, the interim government should be expanded and strengthened, and the transitional regime should be established. After the transitional regime was established, a national congress should be convened to formulate a constitution, and then a formal government should be formed on this basis. On January 20th, the preparatory meeting for the extraordinary political conference, mainly attended by right-wing forces, was established, and Li Chengwan announced its participation on the 22nd. The anti-trust mobilization committee led by Jin Jiu merged with Li Chengwan’s independent promotion to form the Korean National Assembly for Promoting Independence. On February 1st, the Extraordinary National Assembly was established, and Li Chengwan and Jin Jiu were appointed to be responsible for the formation of the Supreme Government Council. On February 13th, the Extraordinary National Assembly elected the Supreme Council of Government Affairs composed of 28 members, including Li Chengwan, Jin Jiu and Kim Kyu Sik. On February 14th, the Supreme Council of Government Affairs was appointed by the commander of the US military and reorganized into the Democratic House (representing the Democratic House in South Korea and the Republic of Korea), which was incorporated into some kind of advisory body of US military affairs. In this way, the guidance department of the anti-trust camp, which once opposed trusteeship and aimed at establishing an independent transitional government, became the advisory body of the US military government, and the relationship between the anti-trust camp and the US military government could no longer be separated. The United States chose the right-wing anti-trust forces headed by Li Chengwan and Jin Jiu as the cooperation partners, which not only questioned the trusteeship policy itself in North Korea, but also took a fancy to the right-wing forces’ anti-Soviet stance;The right-wing anti-trust camp chose to cooperate with the U.S. military that still openly supports the trusteeship policy, which not only has the illusion that the United States may give sympathy to North Korea on the trusteeship issue, but also has the speculation to further expand its political power by using the power of the U.S. military, so as to gain an advantage in the chaotic political situation in South Korea. The seemingly unreasonable combination is actually an extremely realistic combination under the unstable position of the hatchback.

Syngman Rhee

Why didn’t the south Korean left-wing party object?

The attitude of the left-wing political parties in South Korea headed by communist party in North Korea towards trusteeship has changed greatly before and after, which has weakened their political influence among the people in South Korea to some extent. In the first few days after the Moscow Agreement was announced, the left-wing parties also opposed it, but the situation changed after communist party’s leader Pak Hon Yong secretly visited Pyongyang in 1946.

Late at night on January 1, Park Hyun-young returned to Seoul; On January 2nd, communist party of the DPRK issued a statement publicly supporting the Moscow Agreement, which declared that the resolution of the meeting of foreign ministers of the three countries in Moscow was the further development and strengthening of democracy … The decision … was caused by the existing situation of the DPRK itself, especially the long-term Japanese imperialist rule and lack of national unity. We can’t help but admit that there is such a situation in fact. Regardless of this, a few people try to hold the three allies responsible for the decision on the Korean issue. These people are trying to openly and directly oppose the decision of the Moscow meeting. They described the friendly help and cooperation of the three countries as the establishment of an imperialist protectorate, similar to the early rule of Japanese imperialist aggression. Subsequently, communist party and its affiliated groups held a mass meeting of 100,000 people in Seoul, expressing their support for the communiqué of the meeting of foreign ministers of the three Moscow countries. On January 10th, the five main left-wing parties in North Korea issued a joint statement on the Moscow Agreement, declaring: "We sincerely support the guarantees of the three powers for North Korea’s sovereignty and independence, and their plans and spirit of assisting the democratic government." On January 16th, Park Hyun-yong announced on the radio that the key to the decision of the meeting of foreign ministers of the three countries in Moscow lies in clearing up the residual poison left over from Japanese rule, helping and assisting North Korea to establish a truly democratic country, and calling for support for the decision of the meeting of foreign ministers of the three countries. In this way, the Zanto position of the south Korean left-wing party headed by communist party was further strengthened.

Some Korean scholars believe that the reason why the left-wing political parties in South Korea turned to trusteeship on January 2, 1946 was mainly instructed by the Soviet side that "the Moscow Agreement was formulated by the Soviet Union, so the Communist Party must support it". At present, there is no relevant file or memoir to directly prove whether it was ordered by the Soviet Union. However, it was after Park Hyun-yong secretly visited Pyongyang and returned to Seoul that the South Korean left-wing party headed by North Korea’s communist party changed from anti-trust to praise. The support for trusteeship and the Moscow agreement has also become an important symbol of the pro-Soviet stance.

When the right-wing parties formed a united front, communist party criticized this behavior. The People’s Party, which has always held a calm stance on the trusteeship system and advocated a detailed analysis of the Moscow agreement before facing it together, also expressed concern. The People’s Party declared that it was "resolutely opposed to all plots against trusteeship to strengthen its political forces". On January 19th, communist party of North Korea reached a settlement with the People’s Party, and decided to unite all the progressive democratic forces in South Korea to form a powerful national democratic united front (civil war for short). As a friend of communist party, the People’s Party, which had some reservations about the trusteeship system, joined the Zanto camp and began to actively assist communist party to carry out civil war activities. On February 15th, the civil war, mainly composed of communist party and the People’s Party, was officially unveiled. Regarding the establishment of an interim government by the United States-Soviet Joint Committee, it was stated that "ensuring the civil war’s right to speak as the only official representative of the Korean nation will actively assist the Democratic United Nations in its assistance for the comprehensive rejuvenation of Korea". The People’s War regards itself as the only group that unites democratic political parties and social groups, and regards itself as the only negotiating object of the US-Soviet Joint Committee. It can be seen that the Zanto camp in South Korea has considerable expectations for the US-Soviet Joint Committee.

American-Soviet Struggle on the Korean Peninsula

Before the first meeting of the United States-Soviet Joint Committee, the political forces in South Korea had been completely divided into two camps around the trusteeship issue: the right-wing party camp United in the Democratic House attached to the US military government held an anti-trust and anti-Soviet stance. The political parties and organizations participating in the Democratic House mainly include: the independence promotion led by Li Chengwan, the Korean independence party led by Jin Jiu, the Korean People’s Party led by Sung-su Kim, and some small parties and social organizations, totaling nearly 100. The left-wing party camp united in the national democratic united front holds a pro-Soviet stance. The main participating parties are: communist party, People’s Party, New People’s Party, National Revolutionary Party, Women’s League, Farmers’ League, Trade Union, Democratic Youth League, etc. There are 15 organizations in total. The anti-trust camp believes that the trusteeship rule proposed by the Moscow agreement is similar to colonial rule and cannot be accepted from the standpoint of national pride; The Zanto camp believes that trusteeship is the only way to solve the Korean Peninsula problem, so it should be accepted. With the growing differences between the United States and the Soviet Union on the trusteeship system, due to the consideration of their respective political positions and interests, the room for taking a neutral stance on the trusteeship issue between the two camps of anti-trust and Zantuo has become smaller and smaller.

After the Moscow Agreement was announced, the Soviet Union actively publicized and guided North Korea, and the political parties and people in North Korea unanimously expressed their support, so that the Soviet Union could maintain its position of advocating trusteeship of North Korea as always. On the other hand, there is a contradiction between position and action in the attitude of the United States. On the one hand, it affirms that the Moscow agreement is the only way to solve the North Korean issue, on the other hand, it expresses sympathy for the large-scale anti-trusteeship demonstrations in South Korea. Some American leaders and military government officials even publicly stated that the United States regards the desire to make North Korea an independent country as soon as possible as their important goal, and they believe that North Korea is ready for autonomy. The U.S. military government finally incorporated the National Assembly, which held an anti-trusteeship position, into an advisory body, which showed the essential anti-trusteeship position of the United States. In the eyes of the Soviets, the United States’ move is to clear the "guilt" of the country that proposed the trusteeship system, establish a democratic image that advocates North Korea’s independence, and successfully shift all the "guilt" of establishing trusteeship in North Korea to the Soviet Union.

The polarization and opposition of North Korea’s domestic forces on the issue of anti-Tozanto has something to do with the support behind the United States and the Soviet Union, which reflects that the United States and the Soviet Union have different positions on the trusteeship system, which also lays a hidden danger for the final rupture of the United States-Soviet Joint Committee in the future.

(This article is excerpted from Whales Fighting Shrimp: America and the Soviet Union and the 38th Parallel (1941-1948), by Angel, published by Zhonghua Book Company in April 2016. Authorized by the publishing house, reproduced by The Paper. The current title and subtitle are drawn up by the editor. )

Chapter XI Gift Contract of Specific Provisions

There are eleven articles in this chapter, which stipulate the concept of the gift contract, the establishment of the gift contract, the rights and obligations of the parties, the liability for warranty against defects, the arbitrary and legal revocation of the gift, and the liability for breach of contract.
Article 185 A gift contract is a contract in which the donor gives his property to the donee free of charge and the donee expresses his acceptance of the gift.
[Interpretation] This article is about the concept of gift contract.
A gift contract refers to a contract in which the donor gives his property to the donee free of charge and the donee is willing to accept the gift. We can see the following connotations from the concept of gift contract:
1. Gift is a kind of agreement and a legal act of both parties. Although the gift contract is a unilateral and free contract, it needs the unanimous expression of will of both parties to be established. If one party has the will to donate, but the other party has no intention to accept the gift, the gift contract cannot be established. In real life, there will also be cases where one party is unwilling to accept the gift from the other party for some consideration. In this case, the gift contract will not be established.
2. A gift contract is a contract to transfer the ownership of property. A gift contract is a contract in which the donor gives his own property to the recipient, and it is a contract in which the donor transfers the ownership of the property to the recipient. This is the main difference between a gift contract and a loan contract.
3. The gift contract is a free contract. The so-called "free contract" refers to a contract in which only one party pays, and the other party does not have to pay the corresponding price to the other party. In the gift contract, only the donor gives his property to the donee free of charge, and the donee obtains the donated property without paying the corresponding price to the donor. This is the main difference between a gift contract and a paid contract such as buying and selling.
4. The gift contract is a unilateral contract. The so-called "unilateral contract" refers to a contract in which only one party bears the debt and the other party does not bear the debt, or although it bears the debt, it has no consideration relationship. Under normal circumstances, only the donor has the obligation to give his own property to the donee in the gift contract, and the donee is not obliged. In a gift with obligations, the donor has the obligation to pay his property to the donee, and the donee undertakes certain obligations according to the contract, but the obligations undertaken by the donee are not the consideration of the obligations undertaken by the donor, and the obligations in between are not corresponding to each other, so the gift contract is a unilateral contract.
5. The gift contract is a promise contract. Whether the gift contract is a practice contract or a promise contract is directly related to when the gift contract was established. Whether a gift contract is based on the delivery of the subject matter has different provisions in foreign legislation, and there are different understandings in China’s legal circles. The so-called "practice contract", also known as "material contract", refers to a contract that can be established only after the parties agree on their intentions. It is based on the agreement of the parties and the delivery of the subject matter. The so-called "promissory contract", also known as "non-material contract", refers to a contract that can be established when the parties agree on their meanings. It is based on the agreement of the parties.
The former Soviet Union and some countries in Eastern Europe regard the gift contract as a practical contract. German, Japanese and Taiwan Province in China define the gift contract as a promise contract in their legislation. In the legal field of our country, some scholars advocate that the gift contract is a practical contract; Some advocate that the gift contract is a promise contract.
In the process of drafting and amending the chapter of contract law, there are different views on whether the gift contract should be defined as a practice contract or a promise contract, and when the gift contract was established. Some people think that the gift should be a practical contract, which is established when the subject matter is delivered. Otherwise, it is unfair for the donor to reach an agreement between the parties, and if the donor fails to perform the gift obligation, it will be enforced. At the same time, it will also make the donor feel worried when expressing his willingness to give, thus giving up the idea of giving, which in turn will reduce the chances of the recipient. Some people think that the gift should be a promise contract, and the contract will be established when both parties agree. If the donor can not perform the delivery obligation before delivering the gift, and the expression of the gift is not binding on the donor, it runs counter to the principle of good faith. The material and economic preparations made by the donee for accepting the gift based on his trust in the donor can not be compensated, which is also extremely unfair to the donee. Others believe that the oral gift contract can be stipulated as effective when the property is delivered; At the same time, the written gift contract is stipulated as effective after the contract is concluded, because the parties have already concluded a written contract, indicating that their intention has been expressed more carefully, and the parties should fulfill their gift obligations according to the contract.
The provisions of the contract law indicate that the gift contract is a promise contract, and it is established when the parties agree, regardless of whether it is concluded orally or in writing, or whether the donated property is delivered. At the same time, considering that in the gift contract, it is inevitable that the donor will act on impulse, so the contract law also stipulates the application of arbitrary cancellation of the gift contract (see later).
6. The gift contract is a gratuitous contract. Whether the gift contract is an important contract or an unnecessary contract is also related to whether the gift contract is established. The so-called "essential contract" refers to a contract that must be in a certain form according to the law. The so-called "non-contract" refers to a contract that is not required by law to have a specific form. An optional contract does not exclude the use of written or notarized forms, but the form of the contract does not affect the establishment of the contract. According to the provisions of the contract law, the gift contract is an unnecessary contract. The gift contract can be in oral form, written form or notarized after the contract is concluded. No matter what form it takes or whether it is notarized or not, it will not affect the establishment of the gift contract.
There are different regulations in different countries on whether the gift contract is an unnecessary contract and whether it must be notarized. For example, Germany, France and Italy require that the gift contract be notarized. Germany stipulates that in order to make the contract of payment by gift valid, its agreement should have a notarized certificate. Those who lack the means specified in the preceding paragraph may perform the agreed payment and supplement it. France stipulates that all living gifts should be made in front of a notary by the usual contract, and the original contract should be kept with the notary, otherwise the gift contract will be invalid. Italy stipulates that the gift should be made by notarization, otherwise it will be invalid. In Japan and Taiwan Province, China, gifts are allowed in written or non-written form, and there is no requirement that the gift contract must be notarized.
Article 186 The donor may revoke the gift before the right to donate the property is transferred.
The provisions of the preceding paragraph shall not apply to gift contracts with the nature of social welfare and moral obligation such as disaster relief and poverty alleviation or notarized gift contracts.
[Interpretation] This article provides for the arbitrary revocation of gifts and its restrictions.
The arbitrary revocation of a gift means that after the gift contract is established, before the right to donate property is transferred, the donor can stop being a gift according to his own meaning. The arbitrary revocation of the gift stipulated by law stems from the fact that the gift is a free act. Even if the gift contract has been established, the donor can be allowed to cancel the gift for some reason, which is also a significant difference between the gift contract and other paid contracts. In particular, some gift contracts are concluded because of temporary emotional factors. If the donor is absolutely not allowed to cancel, it is too harsh and unfair for the donor.
However, if there is no restriction on arbitrariness, it means that the gift contract has no binding force, which is unfair to the recipient, violates the principle of honesty and credit, and is also an impact on social morality. Therefore, the revocation of the gift should have the following restrictions:
1. If the donated property has transferred its rights, the donor shall not arbitrarily revoke the gift. If a part of the donated property has been delivered and its rights have been transferred, the arbitrary revocation of the gift is limited to the part that has not been delivered and its rights have not been transferred, so as to maintain the stability of the rights and obligations of both parties to the gift contract.
2. If the gift contract is notarized after it is concluded, the donor shall not cancel it at will. In other words, the gift contract that can be revoked at will is limited to the gift contract without notarization. After the conclusion of the gift contract, the parties are notarized by the notary department, which shows that the expression of their gift will has been very cautious. Therefore, the gift contract that has been notarized shall not be arbitrarily revoked by the donor.
3. A donation contract with the nature of social welfare and moral obligation, regardless of the form in which the parties conclude it, whether it is notarized or not, and whether the donated property has transferred its rights, the donor shall not revoke it at will. Gifts with the nature of social welfare mainly refer to gifts for the purposes of disaster relief, poverty alleviation, student assistance, etc. or for financing public utilities such as public facilities construction and environmental protection. The public welfare nature of this kind of gift determines that the donor shall not revoke the gift at will. Because there are moral factors between the parties, it is not moral to allow the donor to revoke it at will. Therefore, such a gift shall not be arbitrarily revoked by the donor.
Here, we can review the provisions of the fourth draft of the draft contract law: "The donor may revoke the gift before delivering the donated property. The provisions of the preceding paragraph shall not apply to gift contracts with the nature of social welfare and moral obligation such as disaster relief and poverty alleviation or concluded in written form. "
The revision of the draft contract law mainly considers two issues. First, change "delivery" to "transfer of rights". "Delivery" only refers to the actual delivery of the physical object and belongs to the recipient. Of course, the ownership of the gift is generally transferred at the time of delivery, but there are also cases where the law provides otherwise or the parties agree otherwise. As for the transfer of rights, there may be two situations: the first situation is that the donated property has not been actually delivered, but its ownership has been transferred to the donee; In the second case, the donated property has been occupied by the donee, but its ownership has not been transferred. The "transfer of rights" is broader and more accurate than "delivery", so the draft is revised. The second is to change "concluded in written form" to "notarized". The gift contract concluded in written form is inevitably thoughtless due to temporary emotional factors, while the notarized gift contract can not be said to be careless. In order to balance the interests of both parties to the gift contract, the above amendments were made.
Article 187 If the donated property needs to go through registration and other formalities according to law, it shall go through the relevant formalities.
[Interpretation] This article is the provision that the gift of special property needs to go through relevant legal procedures.
Where the law provides that special procedures are required for the gift of property, such provisions shall be followed. This is mainly for special gifts, such as real estate. For example, in accordance with the provisions of the "People’s Republic of China (PRC) Real Estate Management Law", if a real estate is donated, it shall apply to the real estate management department for registration of property ownership change. As for whether the registration has an impact on the establishment of the gift contract, it should be determined according to the provisions of relevant laws. If the registration procedure stipulated by law is only "filing", then the gift contract should be established even though the registration procedure has not been fulfilled; If the registration required by law is an important requirement for the contract to take effect, even if it is not registered, it will not affect the establishment of the contract, but the contract will not be effective; If the registration stipulated by law is a necessary condition for the establishment of a contract, then the registration procedures must be performed if the contract is to be established, otherwise the contract will not be established.
Article 188 If the donor fails to deliver the donated property in a gift contract or a notarized gift contract with the nature of social welfare and moral obligation such as disaster relief and poverty alleviation, the donee may demand delivery.
[Interpretation] This article provides for the responsibility of the donor not to deliver the donated property.
It is the donor’s obligation to deliver the donated property to the donee and transfer its ownership according to the donation contract.
Whether the donor’s failure to deliver the donated property constitutes a breach of contract and bears the liability for breach of contract shall be distinguished according to the purpose of the gift and whether the gift contract has been notarized. According to the provisions of the contract law, in general gift contracts, the donor can revoke the gift before transferring the right to give the property. Therefore, for this kind of gift contract, if the donor does not pay the donated property, the donee can’t ask the donor to pay the donated property, and the donor is not liable for breach of contract.
A gift contract or a notarized gift contract with the nature of social public welfare and moral obligation such as disaster relief and poverty alleviation shall be deemed as a breach of contract when the donor delays or fails to perform the obligation to pay the donated property. The donee may request the donor to pay the donated property, but if the donor still fails to do so, the donee may bring a lawsuit to the people’s court and demand it to perform the gift obligation.
As we all know, in the flood fighting and disaster relief fund-raising activities in 1998, hundreds of millions of yuan of money and materials were pledged by all sectors of society, some of which were pledged orally by telephone, and some of them were donated in the form of a pledge with official seals. Whether the pledge must be fulfilled became one of the focus topics in the society at that time. It is said that donation is a gift, and the nature of the gift contract is a practical contract. Only after the donor delivers the money and goods, the contract has legal significance. Before the money and goods are delivered, if the donor reneges, he will face moral condemnation at most and will not bear legal responsibility. On the other hand, pledging in public is a means for some enterprises to expand their popularity. Before holding a press conference, holding up signs and making subtitles, the pledging unit and the recipient unit signed more donation agreements or the pledging unit issued a pledge letter, which meant that it was not prudent. Donors do not honor their pledges, and some have the ability to fulfill them but deliberately delay them; Some of them are in poor operating conditions and still owe a lot of debts, in order to promote themselves. If there is a donation agreement, a pledge is issued or a donation is announced to the public, it is not only a deception to the public, but also a violation of the principle of good faith in law. In this regard, the law should clearly stipulate that donors must fulfill their donation obligations, and if they refuse to do so, they can request the people’s court to force them to do so.
The contract law stipulates that the donation has the nature of social welfare such as disaster relief and poverty alleviation. If the donor fails to deliver the donated property, the donee can ask for delivery, which legally regulates this kind of donation behavior.
As the gift contract is a unilateral contract, only the donor undertakes the obligations unilaterally. When the donor fails to fulfill the obligation to deliver the gift property, its liability should also be limited, unlike the general bilateral contract, it should also pay delayed interest or compensate other losses when fulfilling the payment obligation. If the donor fails to deliver the donated property as stipulated in the contract law, the donee may request delivery, that is, it does not include delay interest and other damages, but is limited to the donated property itself. This provision is also consistent with the provisions of some other countries and Taiwan Province. As stipulated in Germany, the donor is not obligated to pay the delayed interest. In Taiwan Province, China, it is stipulated that when the donor fails to fulfill his moral obligation, the donee may request to deliver the gift or its price. However, it shall not claim interest or other damages for non-performance.
Article 189 Where the donated property is damaged or lost due to intentional or gross negligence of the donor, the donor shall be liable for damages.
[Interpretation] This article is a provision on the responsibility that the donor should bear for the damage and loss of the donated property caused by intentional or gross negligence.
If the donated property is damaged or lost due to the donor’s intentional or gross negligence, what kind of responsibility should the donor bear? This provision indicates that when the donated property is ineffective or no longer exists due to the donor’s intentional or gross negligence, the donor may be exempted from the obligation to deliver the donated property, but shall be liable for other losses caused to the donor.
Article 190 A gift may be accompanied by obligations.
If the gift is accompanied by obligations, the donee shall perform the obligations as agreed.
[Interpretation] This article is a provision on gifts with obligations.
(A) the concept of gift with obligations and its characteristics
A gift with obligations, also known as a gift with burdens, refers to a gift on the condition that the donee pays a certain amount to the donor or a third person, even if the donee bears certain obligations after accepting the gift. The gift with obligation is different from the general gift, but belongs to a special gift. Characterized in that:
1. Generally speaking, the donee only enjoys the right to obtain the donated property and does not undertake any obligations. For a gift with obligations, the donor attaches certain conditions to the gift, so that the donee assumes certain obligations.
2. Gifts with obligations have certain limits, which are usually lower than the value of the donated property.
3. Under normal circumstances, the performance of the donee’s obligations will not occur until the donor has fulfilled the gift obligation, but it is also acceptable unless otherwise agreed by the parties.
4. The obligations attached to the gift may be agreed to be performed by the donor, a third party or an unspecified majority.
5. Fulfilling the obligation of the gift can be an act or an omission according to the agreement of the parties.
6. The obligation attached to the gift is an integral part of the gift contract, not another independent contract.
(two) the effectiveness of the gift with obligations
1. The donee shall perform the obligations as agreed in the contract. After the donor pays the donated property to the donee, the donee shall perform its obligations according to the contract. If the donee fails to perform, the donor has the right to require the donee to perform his obligations or cancel the gift. If the donor cancels the gift, the donee shall return the donated property to the donor.
There are regulations in some countries and Taiwan Province in China that the donee should fulfill the obligation of gift according to the contract. As stipulated in Germany, if the donor has paid, he may request to fulfill his burden. If the donee fails to perform the burden, the donor may, in accordance with the provisions on the return of unjust enrichment, request the return of the gift according to the elements of the right of rescission stipulated in the contract between the two parties. For example, in Taiwan Province, China, if the donor has paid for the gift and the donee fails to fulfill its burden, the donor may request the donee to fulfill its burden or cancel the gift.
2. The donee has the responsibility to fulfill his obligations only within the value limit of the donated property. The gift is a free contract, and its purpose is to benefit the donee. If the attached obligations exceed the value of the donated property, the donee will suffer disadvantage, which is also inconsistent with the original purpose of the gift. Therefore, if the donated property is not enough to offset its attached obligations, the donee is only responsible for fulfilling its obligations within the value limit of the donated property. In other words, if the obligations attached to the gift exceed the value of the donated property, the donee is not responsible for fulfilling the obligations that exceed the value of the donated property.
German and Chinese Taiwan Province also stipulate the limits of the donee’s performance of obligations. Germany stipulates that if the value of the gift is obviously insufficient to cover the expenses required for fulfilling the burden due to the defect of the right or the gift, the donee may refuse to fulfill the burden until the insufficiency caused by the defect is compensated. If the donee performs the burden without knowing that it is defective, the donee may request the donor to repay the expenses to the extent that the expenses incurred by the donee in performing the burden exceed the value of the defective gift. In Taiwan Province, China, it is stipulated that if the gift with a burden is not enough to cover the burden, the donee is only responsible for fulfilling the burden within the value limit of the gift.
3. In the gift with obligations, if the donated property is defective, the donor shall bear the same liability to guarantee the defects as the seller within the limits of the obligations attached to the gift (see below for details).
Article 191 Where the donated property is defective, the donor shall not be liable. For a gift with obligations, if the donated property is defective, the donor shall bear the same responsibilities as the seller within the limits of obligations.
If the donor intentionally fails to inform of the defects or guarantees that there are no defects, thus causing losses to the donee, he shall be liable for damages.
[Interpretation] This article is about the donor’s liability to guarantee the defects of the donated property.
Because the gift contract is a free contract and the gift is an act for the benefit of the donee, the donor’s liability for guaranteeing the defects of the donated property is different from that of the paid contract. The connotation of this article has three aspects:
(1) If the donated property is defective, the donor shall not be liable in principle.
(2) In a gift with obligations, if the donated property is defective, the donor shall bear the same responsibilities as the seller within the limits of the obligations attached to the donee. As far as the general gift is concerned, the donor does not bear the liability for warranty of defects in principle. However, for the gift with obligations, although the donee receives benefits, he has to fulfill the agreed obligations. If the donated property is defective, it will inevitably lead to the loss of the recipient’s interests, which does not correspond to the rights and obligations stipulated in the contract, so that the recipient suffers losses. In order to protect the interests of the donee and seek fairness, the donor should bear the responsibility of defect guarantee. As far as the obligations performed by the donee are concerned, it is just like the position of the buyer in the sales contract. Therefore, the donor should bear the same liability for warranty of defects as the seller in the sales contract within the limits of the obligations attached to the donee.
(3) If the donor intentionally fails to inform of the defects or guarantees that there are no defects and causes losses to the donee, he shall be liable for damages. It is subjectively malicious for the donor to intentionally fail to inform that the donated property is defective, which also violates the principle of good faith. If the defects of the donated property cause other property losses or personal injuries to the donee, he shall be liable for damages. If the donor intentionally fails to inform of the defect, but does not cause losses to the donee, he shall not be liable for compensation. If the donor guarantees that the gift is flawless and causes losses to the donee, he shall also be liable for damages.
There are some regulations on the donor’s liability for warranty against defects in foreign countries and Taiwan Province, but there are some differences. As stipulated in Japan, the donor is not responsible for the defect or lack of the donated subject matter or right. However, this restriction does not apply if the donor knows that there is a defect or deficiency but does not inform the donee. For a gift with a burden, the donor shall bear the same guarantee responsibility as the seller within the limit of the burden. Germany stipulates that the donor deliberately conceals the defects of the right or the gift, and is liable for the damage caused by the defects of the donee. According to the regulations in Taiwan Province, the donator is not liable for guarantee if the gift or right is defective. However, if the donor intentionally fails to inform him of the defects, or guarantees that he is free from defects, he shall be liable to compensate the donee for the damage caused by the defects. If there is any defect in the gift or right attached to the burden, the donor shall bear the same guarantee responsibility as the seller within the limit of the burden borne by the donee. Thus, Japan, Germany and Taiwan Province all stipulate that the donator should bear the liability for compensation if he intentionally fails to inform the donator of the defects of the gift and causes damage to the donee. As for the liability for damages caused to the donee by the donor’s guarantee that there is no defect, Taiwan Province area of China has made provisions, but Japanese and German have not.
Article 192 If the donee is in any of the following circumstances, the donor may revoke the gift:
(a) serious infringement of the donor or the donor’s close relatives;
(two) the donor has the obligation to support and fails to perform;
(3) Failing to perform the obligations stipulated in the gift contract.
The donor’s right of revocation shall be exercised within one year from the date when he knows or should know the reason for revocation.
[Interpretation] This article provides for the statutory revocation of the donor and the period during which the right of revocation is exercised.
The legal revocation of a gift contract means that after the gift contract is established, the revocation right holder can revoke the gift under the circumstances stipulated by law. The difference between legal revocation and arbitrary revocation of a gift lies in: first, the revocation of a gift must be based on the reasons stipulated by law; Second, as long as there are legal reasons, no matter what form the gift contract is concluded or even notarized, no matter whether the donated property has been delivered or not, no matter whether the gift belongs to social welfare and moral obligation, everyone who has the right to cancel the gift can cancel it.
Gift is an act that makes the donee gain benefits. If the donee has done harm or other ungrateful acts to the donator, the law should give the donator the right to revoke the gift. The legal revocation of a gift contract is an illegal act of the donee or an act that violates the stipulations of the gift contract. The donor’s right to revoke the gift according to law is an important content of legal protection for the donor.
(a) the legal revocation of the donor
According to the provisions of this article, the three legal situations in which the donor can revoke the gift have the following meanings:
1. The donee seriously infringes on the donor or the donor’s close relatives. The main points are as follows: First, the donee committed a serious infringement, not a slight and general infringement. Second, the donee infringes on the donor himself or his close relatives, including spouses, immediate family members (parents, children, grandparents, grandchildren, grandchildren, etc.) and brothers and sisters. If it infringes on other relatives and friends, it is not included.
As to whether the recipient’s infringement must be intentional or not, the legislation of some countries and Taiwan Province is different. For example, according to German regulations, when the donee commits a major infringement or a major ingratitude to the donor or his close relatives, the donor may revoke his gift. In Taiwan Province, China, however, it is stipulated that the donee has intentionally infringed on the donor or his nearest relatives, and there is a clear penalty in accordance with the criminal law; And if the donor fails to perform the maintenance obligation, the donor may revoke his gift. It can be seen that the legal reasons for revoking the gift in Germany are relatively loose, and it does not specifically point out that it is intentional behavior, nor does it emphasize that the donor can revoke the gift if it reaches the level of crime. In Taiwan Province, China, the conditions are more strict, which is both intentional and criminal. According to the contract law of our country, as long as the donee seriously infringes on the donor or the donor’s close relatives, the donor can revoke the gift, not limited to intentional and criminal acts.
2. The donee has the obligation to support the donor and fails to perform it. The main points are as follows: first, the donee has the obligation to support the donor. Second, the donee has the ability to support the donor, but does not fulfill the obligation to support the donor. If the donee has no ability to support or has lost the ability to support, the donor does not have the right to revoke the gift.
3. The donee fails to perform the obligations stipulated in the gift contract. The main points are as follows: first, the gift contract stipulates that the donee has certain obligations. Second, the donor has delivered the donated property to the donee. Third, the donee fails to fulfill the obligations stipulated in the gift contract. In a gift with obligations, the donee shall fulfill his obligations as agreed. After the donor has delivered the donated property to the donee, if the donee fails to fulfill his obligations, the donor may revoke the gift.
In order to determine the future of the gift relationship as soon as possible, the revocation right holder shall exercise the revocation right in time according to law. The period for the donor to exercise the right of revocation is one year, counting from the day when he knows or should know the reason for revocation. This period belongs to scheduled period, that is, the exercise period of a certain right is predetermined by law, and there is no question of suspension, interruption and extension. If the holder of the right of revocation fails to exercise the right of revocation within the period prescribed by law, his right of revocation shall be extinguished.
Article 193 If the donor dies or loses his capacity for civil conduct due to the donee’s illegal act, the donor’s successor or legal representative may revoke the gift.
The right of revocation of the donor’s heir or legal representative shall be exercised within six months from the date when he knows or should know the reason for revocation.
[Interpretation] This article provides for the statutory revocation of the heir or legal representative of the donor and the period during which the right of revocation is exercised.
The right of revocation of the gift should have belonged to the donor, but when the donor died or lost his capacity for civil conduct due to the illegal behavior of the donee, the donor’s right of revocation could not be exercised in fact. Only when the donor’s heir or legal representative exercises the right of revocation can the donor’s right and willingness to cancel the gift be realized. At the same time, only when the donor can’t exercise his revocation right, the donor’s heir or legal representative has the right to revoke the gift. Therefore, the heir or legal representative of the donor must revoke the gift based on the legal situation that the donor died or lost his capacity for civil conduct due to the illegal behavior of the donee.
The reasons for the donor’s heirs to exercise the right of revocation are also different in other legislative cases. The rule in Germany is that the donor’s heir has the right to revoke the gift only when the donee causes the donor’s death due to intentional and illegal acts. It is stipulated in Italy that if the donee is sentenced for intentionally killing the donor or intentionally preventing the donor from revoking the gift, the heir of the donor can file a lawsuit to revoke the gift. It is stipulated in Taiwan Province that if the donee causes the death of the donor or prevents him from being revoked as a gift due to intentional illegal behavior, the heir of the gift may revoke his gift. It can be seen that in the case of the donor’s heir revoking the gift in Germany, there is no reason why the donee obstructs or prevents the donor from revoking the gift.
The period for the heir or legal representative of the donor to exercise the right of revocation is six months, counting from the day when he knows or should know the reason for revocation.
Article 194 Where the revocation right holder revokes the gift, he may request the donee to return the donated property.
[Interpretation] This article provides for the effectiveness of the exercise of the right of revocation.
The legal revocation right of the gift should be the right of formation, which will take effect once the revocation right holder exercises it, thus dissolving the gift relationship. When the donated property is not delivered, the donor may refuse the gift; If the gift is revoked after the delivery of the donated property, the donor or his successor or legal representative may request the donee to return the donated property.
Article 195 If the donor’s financial situation has deteriorated significantly, which has seriously affected his production, operation or family life, he may no longer perform his gift obligation.
[Interpretation] This article provides for the statutory circumstances under which the donor can no longer perform the gift obligation.
This provision shows that after the conclusion of the gift contract or after the donor has partially fulfilled the gift obligation, the donor’s economic situation has deteriorated significantly, seriously affecting his production, operation or family life, and the donor can no longer fulfill the gift obligation agreed in the gift contract or part of the gift obligation agreed in the gift contract but not yet fulfilled. If the donor no longer performs the gift obligation, it shall meet the statutory conditions stipulated in this article: First, the economic situation has deteriorated significantly, which occurred after the gift contract was established, not before it was established. If one’s own economic situation is already very bad, he still expresses his intention to give to others. In fact, his intention to give is insincere, and the gift contract has no basis for performance. Second, the economic situation has deteriorated significantly, which has seriously affected the production economy of enterprises, or made it difficult for individuals to maintain their normal livelihood and fulfill their maintenance obligations. If the above conditions are met, no matter how the gift contract is concluded and the nature of the gift, the donor can no longer perform the unfulfilled gift obligation.
Related to this, the outstanding problem in real life is that in social welfare activities such as disaster relief and poverty alleviation, some enterprises explicitly express their pledges in public or in the form of pledges, and then refuse to cash the pledged funds and materials on the grounds of poor business conditions. In this regard, can the relevant enterprises no longer fulfill their gift obligations? If the enterprise’s economic situation deteriorates significantly after the pledge, which seriously affects its production and operation, it may no longer perform its gift obligation, otherwise it shall continue to perform its gift obligation. For those enterprises that have no financial ability to donate, or even are on the verge of bankruptcy, they promote their image purely for commercial purposes, and after pledging, they say that the enterprise’s economic situation is not good enough to fulfill the gift obligation. The author believes that the provision of "can no longer fulfill the gift obligation" cannot be simply applied. If losses are caused to the donee, they should bear the liability for damages and compensate the losses caused to the donee.
When drafting the provisions of the statutory circumstances in which the donor can no longer perform the gift obligation, the question of whether the donor’s economic situation has deteriorated significantly, seriously affecting his production, operation or family life, and whether he can request the donee to properly return the donated property has been studied and discussed. On this issue, other legislative cases are also different. For example, Germany stipulates that the donor may refuse to perform the agreement given by gift because he is unable to perform the agreement because he considers other obligations he has undertaken, such as not damaging his livelihood equivalent to his own status or the maintenance obligation imposed by law. It is also stipulated that the donor may, in accordance with the provisions on the return of unjust enrichment, request the donee to return the donated goods, provided that the donor cannot maintain a livelihood commensurate with his own status after performing the gift, or cannot perform the statutory maintenance obligations for his relatives, spouses or ex-spouses. It can be seen that Germany not only allows the donor to refuse to fulfill the obligations stipulated in the gift contract, but also gives the donor the right to request the recipient to return the gift after fulfilling the gift obligation. In Taiwan Province, China, however, it is stipulated that the donor’s economic situation has changed significantly after the donation agreement. If the donation has a significant impact on his livelihood or hinders the performance of his maintenance obligations, he may refuse to perform the donation. It can be seen that its provisions do not request the return of the contents of the gift.
The draft contract law has stipulated that if the donor’s economic situation deteriorates significantly, which seriously affects his production, operation or family life, he may refuse to perform the gift obligation or request the proper return of the donated property. For this provision, some comrades in departments and units believe that it is not appropriate to make a provision that the donor can request the return of the donated property. The reasons are as follows: 1. After the gift of the property, times have changed. If the donated property has been consumed, it is difficult to return it. Especially for donations for public welfare purposes such as disaster relief, poverty alleviation, and student aid, if the money and materials have been used for donation projects, such as disaster relief materials have been distributed, and the money and materials for student aid have been built into "Hope Primary School", it is unrealistic to return them. 2. If the gift is returned, it will lead to difficulties in the life, production and operation of the donee, and it is unfair to the donee. 3. It is not conducive to the stability of the relationship between the parties to request the return of the property after it is given away. The contract law adopted the above opinions and deleted the content that "the donor can properly request the return of the donated property".

The indiscriminate application of unilateral sanctions by the United States hinders the development of international human rights.

　　For a long time, the United States has indiscriminately imposed unilateral sanctions on the pretext of so-called "foreign policy and national security" without the basis of international law and the authorization of the UN Security Council, grossly interfering in other countries’ internal affairs, creating obstacles for the people of the targeted countries to realize their basic human rights and aggravating the global humanitarian crisis.

　　The indiscriminate imposition of unilateral sanctions by the United States violates international law.

　　The United States government has imposed economic sanctions on many developing countries, affecting nearly half of the world’s population, seriously undermining the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations and the basic norms of international law.

　　The indiscriminate imposition of unilateral sanctions by the United States violates the principle of sovereign equality. The principle of sovereign equality is one of the main principles listed in the Charter of the United Nations, and it is the basic norm that countries should abide by in their foreign exchanges after World War II. Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations clearly stipulates that only the United Nations Security Council has the right to decide on relevant sanctions. Only after the UN Security Council has passed a resolution can a member state take a certain or a series of sanctions against a country. In the international community, the differences between countries due to their civilizations, development paths and models should be respected, and the frictions generated should also be resolved with an equal dialogue attitude. However, the United States often imposes unilateral sanctions on other countries with a condescending attitude. As confirmed in its 2021 Sanctions Assessment Report, "sanctions have become the preferred tool for the United States to deal with a series of threats to national security, foreign policy and economy".

　　The indiscriminate imposition of unilateral sanctions by the United States violates the general principles of international law jurisdiction. Generally speaking, a country’s laws are only effective within its own territory, and it has no right to apply them in other countries or exercise jurisdiction over related people or actions. In international law, extraterritorial jurisdiction can only be implemented if there is a "true and sufficient connection" between a country and the object of application. However, the "long-arm jurisdiction" of the United States only needs to meet the "minimum contact". As long as the relevant personnel or entities have weak contact with the United States, they can carry out "long-arm jurisdiction" and then implement unilateral sanctions. For example, in 1996, the United States threw out the so-called "D’Amato Act", which allowed it to exercise "long-arm jurisdiction" over third-country entities and individuals trading with Iran, causing huge economic losses to Iran.

　　The abuse of unilateral sanctions by the United States is a consistent continuation of its hegemonic hegemony.

　　Maintaining its hegemonic position is the main purpose of the United States’ indiscriminate unilateral sanctions. After two world wars and the cold war, the United States became the world’s number one power. In order to maintain its hegemonic position, the United States has launched the Gulf War and the Kosovo War since the 1990s. After the "9.11" incident, the United States became even more unscrupulous, waging wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, and intervening militarily in Libya and Syria. All these wars have caused a large number of casualties among local civilians and huge consumption of resources, which has caused widespread complaints from the international community.

　　In addition to military means, the United States also imposes economic, diplomatic and other non-military sanctions. Sanctions bills, such as the Global magnitsky Human Rights Accountability Act and the Act of Countering American Enemies with Sanctions, and a series of administrative orders have been introduced one after another. According to the 2021 Sanctions Assessment Report, by the end of fiscal year 2021, the United States has imposed more than 9,400 sanctions. From 2000 to 2021, US foreign sanctions increased by 933%.

　　The United States abuses unilateral sanctions to violate the human rights of other countries.

　　First, it has seriously hindered the realization of the right to subsistence. Survival is the basis of enjoying all human rights, and it is the first right. The indiscriminate application of unilateral sanctions by the United States has led to difficulties in the economic development of the sanctioned countries, and the ability of the government and people to cope with various risks has decreased, making it easy for them to fall into a survival dilemma due to natural and man-made disasters. The long-term illegal unilateral sanctions imposed by the United States on Syria have seriously aggravated the local economic and livelihood crisis. After the severe earthquake in Syria in February this year, due to the extreme lack of heavy equipment and search and rescue tools, many rescue operations can only rely on bare hands to dig in the ruins. On August 30, 2021, American troops withdrew from Kabul, the capital of Afghanistan, ending the 20-year war in Afghanistan. Just as Afghanistan urgently needs funds for peaceful reconstruction, the United States not only failed to fulfill its due obligations, but frozen billions of dollars of state assets of the Central Bank of Afghanistan, causing millions of Afghans to struggle on the brink of death and nearly 20 million people to face serious food shortages.

　　Second, it has serious consequences for the realization of the right to development. The right to development is an inalienable human right, which has been solemnly affirmed in many important international human rights instruments such as the Declaration on the Right to Development, the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action. The abuse of unilateral sanctions by the United States has had an immeasurable impact on the development of the sanctioned countries and their nationals. According to statistics, from August 1990 to May 2003, U.S. sanctions caused a loss of 150 billion U.S. dollars in Iraq’s oil revenue, resulting in the per capita annual income in Iraq today not reaching the 1990 level. Unilateral sanctions also have an immeasurable impact on people’s personal development. Take Venezuela, Cuba, Syria, Iran and other countries as examples. U.S. sanctions have prevented teleconferences and data sharing in these countries and other places. People can’t attend online seminars to get information, education and training, and doctors can’t access medical databases.

　　Third, it has a negative impact on the realization of the right to health. The right to health is a right that "everyone has the right to enjoy" clearly stipulated in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Through economic and trade blockade, the United States makes it difficult for sanctioned countries to obtain corresponding medical resources. During the COVID-19 epidemic, due to the unilateral sanctions imposed by the United States, the protection of people’s right to health in the sanctioned countries was seriously affected. In 2020, Iran claimed that it had tried to buy vaccines in accordance with WHO’s COVID-19 Vaccine Implementation Plan three times, but all of them could not pay due to US sanctions and restrictions. Because the United States prohibits third countries from selling ventilators to Cuba, Cuba can’t buy ventilators needed to rescue patients in danger of pneumonia.

　　The United States wantonly waved the sanctions stick, which seriously violated the United Nations Charter, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and other international laws, and seriously trampled on the basic rights of the people in the targeted countries. American hegemonic behavior has become a destroyer of global peace and development and a stumbling block to human rights progress. In March this year, Alena Du Han, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the negative impact of unilateral coercive measures on human rights, pointed out that the unilateral coercive measures of the United States violated the basic human rights of individuals and entities, such as the right to work and the right to freedom of movement.

　　The international community appeals that the United States should earnestly abide by the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations and the norms of international law, stop the indiscriminate application of illegal unilateral sanctions, stop harming the efforts of countries concerned to mobilize resources, develop the economy and improve people’s livelihood, and respect the rights to survival, development and health of people in other countries.

　　(The author is the director of the National Research Center of the Institute of Human Rights of Southwest University of Political Science and Law)

Jiangsu accelerates the development of new quality productivity and develops ＂first move＂ with high quality.

When attending the deliberation of the Jiangsu delegation, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out that Jiangsu has good conditions and capabilities to develop new quality productive forces, and it is necessary to highlight the key point of building a modern industrial system with advanced manufacturing as the backbone and accelerate the construction of strategic emerging industrial clusters with international competitiveness. According to local conditions, all parts of Jiangsu will promote the development of new industries, new models and new kinetic energy such as artificial intelligence, low-altitude economy and advanced manufacturing, and accelerate the formation of new quality productivity with local characteristics.

[Suzhou: Aiming at the whole industrial chain of artificial intelligence and focusing on cultivating 18 large models]

In Suzhou Enterprise Spirits Technology Co., Ltd., this intelligent robot system can accurately answer all kinds of questions in government affairs. As a professional interactive artificial intelligence platform in China, the company is committed to providing "cloud+core" integrated services for enterprises in scene-based intelligent terminals and vertical industries, and led the establishment of "Artificial Intelligence Language Computing Innovation Consortium" including 11 units at the beginning of this year, which gathered resources such as technology, industrial chain and finance, and accelerated the process of R&D and industrialization.

Fan Shuai, R&D director of Spirits Technology Co., Ltd. said, "We know that training large models requires huge computing power and data, and requires very high network bandwidth to ensure real-time data transmission. After calculating the local layout, Suzhou has a very good advantage for the training of large models. "

Aiming at the whole industrial chain of artificial intelligence, Suzhou focuses on cultivating 18 large models, covering many dimensions such as common language, vertical industry, vertical education and vertical medical care. Among them, eight large models, such as Spirits, Wisdom Bud, Enterprise Check and soochow securities, have reached tens of billions of parameters. At present, the scale of the city’s artificial intelligence industry reaches 150 billion yuan. In the future, Suzhou will aim at the construction of the core area of the national new generation artificial intelligence innovation and development experimental zone, and strive to build a first-class AI model application innovation highland.

Han Wenjia, director of the High-tech Division of Suzhou Science and Technology Bureau, said: "Carry out the’ artificial intelligence+’action, subsidize the use of intelligent computing power, attract the world’s top artificial intelligence talents to develop in the Soviet Union, and promote the new industrialization of artificial intelligence empowerment."

[Wuxi: Take off from the blue sky to develop low-altitude economy]

In Wuxi, low-altitude economy is becoming a new growth engine for emerging industries and future industries. On March 10th, Wuxi Dingshu Low-altitude Economic Industrial Park started construction, and a number of major projects such as Airbus helicopter and logistics drone R&D and manufacturing were signed. With a planned total area of 3,000 mu, the industrial park integrates industrial incubation, R&D and manufacturing, test flight, maintenance and after-sales service. After completion, it will help Wuxi to speed up the construction of the whole aviation industry chain, and work hard on the sub-tracks such as low-altitude manufacturing, low-altitude flight and low-altitude service to truly realize "development in the air".

Gu Xiaojun, vice president of Wuxi Transportation Group, said: "Low-altitude economy is a promising future track, not only for operation, but also for some low-altitude R&D and manufacturing projects, which will empower the development of local economy."

[Xuzhou: Building a world-class advanced manufacturing cluster, the world’s largest wheeled crane starts]

As the leader in building a world-class advanced manufacturing cluster in Xuzhou, Xugong is focusing on the core areas and striving to become the "source of original technology". On March 6th, the world’s largest 4,000-ton wheeled crane developed by Xugong was released and launched, aiming at the three major pain points in the wind power hoisting industry-hoisting height, operation safety and heavy-load transition. Through technological innovation, a series of performance breakthroughs were achieved.

Li Changqing, the overall designer of XCA4000 of Xugong Wheeled Crane Research Branch, said, "The installation problem of ultra-high and high-power fans is solved through the new high-performance flexible boom technology. Compared with the original 3,000-ton product, the performance has been improved by 30%, and the installation height of the fan has also increased from the original 160 meters to 180 meters. "

At present, Xuzhou is focusing on high-end, intelligent and green development, speeding up the construction of a modern industrial system with advanced manufacturing as the backbone, and building a strong manufacturing city with national status and global influence through a "four ones" working mechanism supported by a special work class, an industrial alliance, an innovation system and a set of elements, and striving to achieve a trillion-dollar industrial scale and a significant increase in the proportion of manufacturing industries in the city by 2025.

(Reporter of Jiangsu Radio and Television General Station Rong Media News Center/Ye Beibei Shark Wang Film Supply Station/Editor of Suzhou Station Xuzhou Station Wuxi Station/Alina Zhang)

(The copyright of this news belongs to Jiangsu Radio and Television General Station, please indicate the source.)

The 2024 release of The Legend of the Condor Heroes directed by Tsui Hark is in post-production.

According to foreign media reports, Captain America: Brave New World, Disney Marvel Comics’s new work, was divided into North America, and the freshness of rotten tomatoes temporarily rose from 48% to 52%, with an average score of 5.6; The average MTC score is 43/100(41 comments). …

Inventory of major cultural tourism projects in 22 provinces, with a total investment of 10 trillion yuan for more than 3,000 projects.

2021 is the first year of the 14th Five-Year Plan. Recently, more than 20 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) have successively issued special plans for cultural tourism or cultural industries during the 14th Five-Year Plan, and systematically planned the investment and construction of major cultural tourism projects in the next five years. With the convening of the Central Economic Work Conference, various localities have launched investment promotion activities for cultural tourism projects to prepare for the rational expansion of effective investment in major projects in 2022. Then, what key projects and investment projects will be launched in the next 3-5 years?

author　|　Xiaojun Ge (cultural industry review author group; Researcher, Sanchuan Huiwen Tourism Research Institute)

read and edit　| Tian Jianing (Assistant Research Fellow, Sanchuan Huiwen Sports Research Institute)

edit　| Time

source　| Cultural Industry Review

The text is 6100 words | Estimated reading time is 17 minutes.

Major construction projects are "ballast stones" to promote the sustained growth of effective investment and high-quality economic and social development. The Central Economic Work Conference held not long ago pointed out that China’s economic development will face triple pressures of shrinking demand, supply shock and expected weakening next year. Economic work should be done with stability as the first priority, and all localities and departments should shoulder the responsibility of stabilizing the macro-economy. All parties should actively introduce policies conducive to economic stability and appropriately invest in infrastructure ahead of schedule.

It can be seen that stable investment in 2022 is undoubtedly one of the important graspers of "responding with stability". Recently, more than 20 provinces, including Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei, have successively issued the "14th Five-Year Plan" for cultural tourism, and without exception, investment in major cultural tourism projects is the top priority.In this context, will cultural tourism projects in various places usher in a new round of investment boom in 2022? What areas will the focus be on? Cultural Industry Review (ID: WHCYPL) will take stock of 20 provinces one by one and find out.

1. Beijing: Strengthening project support and building four growth poles.

Beijing’s cultural and tourism development plan during the 14th Five-Year Plan puts forward that during the 14th Five-Year Plan period, Beijing will focus on building a spatial pattern of cultural tourism with "one core, one axis, four poles, four belts and multiple plates" and carry out related projects.Among them, the focus is to build four cultural tourism growth poles: sub-center, Beijing Daxing International Airport, New Shougang and Olympic Central District.

According to public reports,During the "Tenth Five-Year Plan" period, the Beijing City Sub-center will realize the investment of 800 billion yuan in various projects.Tongzhou District will take the opening of the Global Theme Park and the planning of the Grand Canal Cultural Belt as an opportunity to build a national smart cultural tourism leading area and introduce more high-quality cultural tourism projects. In addition, the Global Resort, Songzhuang Art Town, Taihu Performing Arts Town, zhang wan Design Town and other projects will be built into new highlands for the high-quality development of domestic performing arts industry, design industry, sports industry and Expo industry.

On November 24th, the "2022 Investment and Financing Promotion Conference of Beijing Cultural Tourism Key Projects" was held through the live broadcast platform of Beijing Equity Exchange.This promotion featured 45 key projects in 10 categories in 14 districts of Beijing, with a total investment of about 12.2 billion yuan.For example, the immersion experience project of "Heping County Bureau" in Dongcheng District, the boutique hotel cluster project in Zhoukoudian Town of Fangshan District, the comprehensive promotion project of sports tourism in Longqingxia District, and the upgrading project of Beijing Yalu Ancient Tropical Botanical Garden in Zhangziying Town of Daxing District are all key areas for the development of Beijing cultural tourism at present and in the future.

△ Cartography: Cultural Industry Review Author Group

2.Hebei Province: Focus on Ten Projects to Build Top 100 Projects

The "14th Five-Year Plan" for the development of culture and tourism in Hebei Province is clear. In the next five years, Hebei Province will focus on aggregating the general brand of "Happy Land in Gyeonggi, Enjoy Hebei" and build three platforms, namely, tourism conference, industrial investment and financing, culture and tourism cloud.Ten key projects have been formed, including the Great Wall (Grand Canal) National Cultural Park construction project, the "Four Ones" project of cultural and tourism science and technology innovation, the construction project of advantageous cultural industrial clusters, and the supply project of high-quality tourism products.And focus on key work and key projects to build top 100 projects.

Clear planning,During the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, there were 139 key cultural and tourism projects in Hebei Province, including 2 national cultural parks, 17 public cultural services, 12 cultural relics protection projects, 8 digital cultural and tourism projects and 100 cultural and tourism industry projects.(Including 21 cultural industry projects, 13 tourist attractions projects, 25 tourist resorts projects, 12 cultural and tourism complex projects, and 29 new cultural and tourism business projects).

3. Tianjin: "Planning+Scheme" promotes the implementation of key projects.

Different from Beijing and Hebei Province, on the basis of the Tenth Five-Year Plan for the Integration of Culture and Tourism in Tianjin, Tianjin Development and Reform Commission and the Bureau of Culture and Tourism jointly formulated the Action Plan for Promoting the High-quality Development of Tourism in Tianjin during the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, and made it clear in the plan that during the Tenth Five-Year Plan period,It is planned to add, renovate and expand 40 major cultural tourism projects within the city, with a total investment of 49.2 billion yuan.

It mainly includes: promoting the upgrading and transformation of ancient cultural street scenic spots, Italian style areas and other scenic spots, and creating a high-level Haihe River tour route; Build a world-class eco-leisure tourism destination that is close to the sea and hydrophilic, and build a civilized holiday bay for world marine tourism; We will build, rebuild and expand short-board infrastructure projects such as tourist service center, scenic road and scenic parking lot, and promote the construction of Tianjin Intangible Cultural Heritage Museum, Tianjin Grand Canal Cultural Museum, Tianjin Grand Canal Haihe Cultural Tourism Belt, and the protection, exhibition and promotion of Huangyaguan Great Wall.

4. Shanghai: Two "100 Billions" Help to Build a World Famous Tourist City

Shanghai’s plan to deepen the construction of world-famous tourist cities during the "14th Five-Year Plan" period puts forward that by 2025, Shanghai will strive to achieve a total annual tourism income of 700 billion yuan, and the added value of tourism industry will account for about 6% of Shanghai’s GDP, and build itself into a preferred city for urban tourism, an international tourism open hub, an Asia-Pacific tourism investment gateway and an international digital tourism capital.And in the planning indicators, it is clear that by 2025, the number of tourism investment projects will reach 100 on the basis of 46 in 2020.

In late September, at the first tourism investment promotion conference in Shanghai,Two "100 billion" 54 major tourism investment projects and investment promotion projects in Shanghai during the 14 th Five-Year Plan were officially launched.Among them, there are 30 major tourism investment start-up projects during the 14th Five-Year Plan with a total investment of 113.2 billion yuan, covering Jinshan Binhai International Cultural Tourism Resort, Shanghai International Tourism Resort, Shanghai legoland Resort and other related projects. There are 24 tourism investment projects with an estimated investment of 115 billion yuan, covering theme park supporting facilities, ecological country parks, cultural and sports commercial complexes and so on.

△ Launching ceremony of 54 major tourism investment projects and investment promotion projects in Shanghai during the 14th Five-Year Plan.

Image source: WeChat "Culture on the Beach"

5. Jiangsu Province: 90 major cultural tourism projects have invested over one trillion yuan.

The "14th Five-Year Plan" for the development of culture and tourism in Jiangsu Province is clear. By 2025, Jiangsu will be built into a highland for cultural construction, a demonstration province for high-quality tourism development, and a model area for the in-depth integration of culture and tourism, so as to promote Jiangsu to become a world-famous tourist destination that fully demonstrates its charm of water charm and humanity. Set 18 indicators and planning targets, such as the cumulative investment in cultural and tourism industries exceeding one trillion yuan and the number of provincial and above global tourism demonstration zones increasing by about 15.

At the same time, the plan also selected 90 major projects directly under the provincial and municipal governments, forming the List of Jiangsu’s Cultural and Tourism Key Projects during the Tenth Five-Year Plan Period, including 20 cultural and tourism facilities, 25 cultural heritage protection and utilization projects and 45 cultural and tourism industry projects.The main indicators of cultural and tourism development in Jiangsu Province during the 14th Five-Year Plan period show that the accumulated investment in cultural and tourism industries in Jiangsu Province will exceed one trillion. The total scale has surpassed that of Beijing and Shanghai.

6. Zhejiang Province: The annual investment is 200 billion yuan, and the accumulated investment is 1 trillion yuan.

The "14th Five-Year Plan" for the development of tourism in Zhejiang Province puts forward that during the "14th Five-Year Plan" period, we should focus on high quality, competitiveness and modernization, and actively create a number of world-class cultural signs such as Liangzhu culture. Reach the national standard of global tourism demonstration province; Strive to build a national cultural highland, the best tourist destination in China, and a national model for the integration of culture and tourism.To contribute to the construction of "an important window to fully display the superiority of Socialism with Chinese characteristics’s system in the new era".

In the construction of major cultural tourism projects, Zhejiang Province proposed that,We will promote the construction of major cultural tourism projects such as "Four Poetic Roads", 10 island parks and 10 famous mountain parks, and complete an investment of 1 trillion yuan, with an annual investment of 200 billion yuan.Carry out the cultural promotion project, build the Grand Canal National Cultural Park in Zhejiang Province, and create Liangzhu culture, Shangshan culture, Yangming culture, Hehe culture, Nankong culture and Song Yun culture.100 cultural signsA number of cultural projects, such as Zhijiang Cultural Center, have been built; Implement the project of creating excellent literary works in the new era,Create 10 national leading well-known tourism performing arts brand projects.

7. Shandong Province: More than 200 key cultural tourism projects have been put into storage.

Shandong Province’s Cultural Tourism Integration Development Plan (2020-2025) proposes to give full play to Qilu’s cultural advantages, promote the deep integration of culture and tourism, vigorously develop fine tourism, build a red cultural tourism base and an excellent traditional cultural tourism base, and build a new highland and an internationally famous cultural tourism destination for cultural tourism integration.

In the construction of cultural tourism projects, we will implement five major projects, including the construction of the Grand Canal National Cultural Park (Shandong), the construction of the Qi Great Wall National Cultural Park, the inheritance and promotion of the Yellow River cultural protection, the improvement of the quality of tourist attractions, and the integration of cultural tourism in historical cities.A library of key cultural tourism projects in the Yellow River has been established, and more than 200 projects have been put into storage, with a planned total investment of over 570 billion yuan.In the past two years, a total of 29.62 million yuan has been subsidized to support 15 key cultural tourism projects along the Yellow River, driving the investment of key projects along the Yellow River to nearly 11 billion yuan.

8. Guangdong Province: 47 major cultural tourism projects involve 18 cities.

Guangdong province will build a high-quality modern cultural industry system and a modern tourism system, which will be the top priority of cultural and tourism development during the 14 th Five-Year Plan period. It is clearly stated in the Plan that by 2025, there will be 90 demonstration parks (bases) for cultural industries above the provincial level, 40 demonstration zones for the integration and development of cultural industries and tourism industries above the provincial level, 239 scenic spots above 4A level and 40 tourist resorts above the provincial level.

The Plan also released 47 major cultural and tourism projects in Guangdong Province during the 14th Five-Year Plan.Among them, there are 7 major provincial cultural and tourism projects, including Guangdong Art Museum, Guangdong Cantonese Opera Cultural Center, Guangdong People’s Art Center, Guangdong Underwater Cultural Heritage Protection Center, Long March National Cultural Park (Guangdong Section), Opium War Coastal Defence Site Park, etc. There are 40 major municipal cultural and tourism projects, including Guangzhou Changlong Guangdong Cultural Project and the first phase of Guangzhou "Yuying Valley" tourism.

9. Fujian Province: Supporting the development of cultural tourism with 79 major projects.

The "14th Five-Year Plan" special plan for the reform and development of culture and tourism in Fujian Province puts forward that by 2025, great achievements will be made in the construction of a strong cultural province and a global eco-tourism province, and the high-quality development in the field of culture and tourism will take an important step. The ranking of cultural industry and tourism industry in the whole country will be significantly improved, and Fujian’s position as an important natural and cultural tourism center in China, a tourism core area of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road and a world-famous tourist destination will become more prominent.

The Plan makes it clear that in the next few years,Fujian will promote the reform and development of culture and tourism in the 14 th Five-Year Plan with 79 key cultural and tourism projects as the support.It is also proposed to give each 300,000 yuan pre-planning and design fee subsidy to major tourism landmark products and projects; For newly introduced domestic and foreign enterprises to invest in cultural and tourist attractions in Fujian, they will be rewarded with 3 million yuan each if they start construction and the actual investment in the first year exceeds 200 million yuan (excluding land and relocation expenses).

10. Hainan Province: 15 landmark projects and more than 100 key projects.

The development plan of tourism culture, radio and television sports in Hainan Province in the 14 th Five-Year Plan puts forward that Hainan will be in the 14 th Five-Year Plan periodWe will promote the construction of 15 provincial-level landmark projects, including the tourist highway around the island, the eco-tourism project and the province’s duty-free shopping system project, and build 7 provincial-level cultural tourism industrial parks and 40 key tourist resorts.By 2025, the total number of tourists will reach 110 million, the total tourism revenue will reach 180 billion yuan, and the number of inbound tourists will reach 2.6 million.

11. Hunan Province: Strive to achieve 1 trillion yuan in cultural tourism investment in five years.

The "14th Five-Year Plan" for the development of culture and tourism in Hunan Province clearly puts forward a new pattern of "554" for the development of cultural tourism in Hunan Province by constructing five integrated development plates of culture and tourism, five inter-provincial cultural tourism linkage zones and four cultural tourism corridors. Strive to increase the total annual income of tourism from 826.195 billion yuan in 2020 to about 1.3 trillion yuan by 2025, and the proportion of added value of tourism in GDP will increase from 6.18% in 2020 to about 6.5%.Strive to achieve cultural tourism investment of more than 1 trillion yuan in five years.

12. Jiangxi Province: 20 theme projects strive to become an important base of national cultural tourism industry.

The 14th Five-Year Plan for the Development of Culture and Tourism in Jiangxi Province puts forward that by 2025, the soft power of Jiangxi’s culture will be further improved, the degree of social civilization will be further improved, the spiritual life of the people will be increasingly enriched, and the role of cultural empowerment and tourism for the people and tourism will be comprehensively strengthened. Cultural undertakings, cultural industries and tourism will become a powerful driving force and important support for economic and social development, and an important base for national cultural and tourism industries.And put forward 11 main tasks and 20 theme projects.

13. Shaanxi Province: It is planned to invest 850 billion yuan to build 524 key cultural tourism projects.

The 14th Five-Year Plan for Cultural and Tourism Development in Shaanxi Province proposes to actively build a new pattern of cultural and tourism development of "one core, four corridors and three districts", promote the deep integration of cultural tourism and related industries, and constantly stimulate new kinetic energy and create new prosperity.During the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, it is planned to invest 850 billion yuan to build 524 new key projects.In-depth development of the cultural industry "100 thousand" cultivation project, the province’s existing national cultural industry demonstration park, 11 bases, 10 national animation enterprises, related enterprises revenue reached 2.588 billion yuan.

14. Guizhou Province: Sort out 995 key projects with a total investment of more than 5 million yuan.

The "14th Five-Year Plan" for the development of culture and tourism in Guizhou Province proposes that by 2025, the added value of tourism and related industries in the province will double on the basis of 2019, reaching more than 186 billion yuan, and the average annual growth rate of tourists in Guizhou will be more than 10%, and the per capita spending level of tourism will enter the first phalanx in the country.

In terms of project reserve, all parts of the province actively plan a number of 995 key cultural tourism projects such as high-quality scenic spots, cultural and business travel complexes, agricultural and cultural tourism complexes, hot spring health, summer vacation, tourism equipment manufacturing and rural tourism. Among them, there are 537 state-owned projects, 403 private projects and 32 mixed projects.By the end of October, the total investment of 995 key tourism projects had reached 88.79 billion yuan, accounting for 88.79% of the annual target. A total of 778 cultural tourism projects were signed, with a total contracted amount of 263.29049 billion yuan.

15. Jilin Province: Promote 52 key projects with a view to strengthening the ice and snow economy.

The Tenth Five-Year Plan for the development of culture and tourism in Jilin Province is clear, and it will take 5 to 10 years to realize that the total tourism revenue of Jilin Province will break through the scale of "trillion" and become a strong ice and snow economy province in China and a world-class ice and snow tourism destination. And focus on the overall goal to build a "project system" with great potential.Planned 34 major tourism projects and 18 major ice and snow economic projects that were built and promoted by the whole province during the "14 th Five-Year Plan" period.

16. Liaoning Province: Taking 68 key projects as the general starting point.

The "14th Five-Year Plan" for the development of culture and tourism in Liaoning Province puts forward that by 2025, cultural undertakings, cultural industries and tourism will become a powerful driving force and important support for Liaoning’s economic and social development and comprehensive strength competition, initially forming a leisure tourism destination in Northeast Asia and marching towards a world-famous ecological leisure tourism destination. With a view to filling shortcomings, strong and weak items and increasing stamina, 68 key projects in 9 columns were designed as the main starting point for the implementation of the Plan.

17. Heilongjiang Province: Building a new pattern of global tourism with eight major projects.

According to the 14th Five-Year Plan for Cultural and Tourism Development in Heilongjiang Province, by 2025, the leading position of China’s ice and snow tourism destination will be further consolidated, and the international ice and snow tourism resort, China’s eco-health tourism destination and China’s self-driving and outdoor sports tourism destination will be initially established.Focus on building 11 tourism hub cities, building 5 comprehensive tourism clusters, planning 8 theme tourism clusters, improving 13 key tourism traffic links, and focusing on building 25 important nodes of "must-visit".

18. Gansu Province: Focus on "One Project, Ten Systems" to Promote Key Projects

The 14th Five-Year Plan for the Development of Culture and Tourism in Gansu Province puts forward that by 2025, the development level of cultural undertakings, cultural industries and tourism will be continuously improved, and the "one project and ten major systems" will make remarkable progress. The role of culture in building souls, empowering culture, serving the people and promoting tourism will be fully highlighted, and cultural tourism will become a powerful driving force and important support for the economic and social development and comprehensive competitiveness of Gansu Province.And through 15 columns, 83 key initiatives and engineering projects are listed, and efforts are made to enhance the operability of the Plan.

19. Ningxia: concentrate on organizing and implementing a number of key brand projects.

The 14th Five-Year Plan for Cultural and Tourism Development of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region puts forward that Ningxia will focus on promoting the construction of the Yellow River cultural heritage demonstration area, creating a national tourism demonstration area and creating a demonstration area for the integration of cultural tourism. By 2025, tourist destinations, transit stations and international tourist destinations in the northwest will be initially formed.At the same time, the province focused on the construction of the Yellow River, the Great Wall and the Long March National Cultural Park, and concentrated on organizing and implementing a number of key brand projects.

20. Chongqing Municipality: Promote the construction of 100 key cultural industry projects.

The "14th Five-Year Plan" of Chongqing’s cultural industry development proposes that by 2025, a national cultural industry center city will be built, and an innovative highland of digital cultural industry, a highland of cultural and artistic fashion and creativity, a highland of integrated development of cultural industry and tourism industry, and a highland of research and development of cultural goods and equipment will be built.And clearly promote the construction of 100 key cultural industry projects, support the implementation of a number of international cooperation projects, and create more quality projects with independent intellectual property rights, market competitiveness and brand influence.In addition, the list of major projects in Chongqing’s "14th Five-Year Plan" also includes 71 key cultural and tourism industry projects.

21. Guangxi: The amount of 33 major cultural tourism projects signed is nearly 100 billion yuan.

According to relevant media reports, in late October, 2021 Guangxi (Beihai) Cultural Tourism Promotion Conference and Signing Ceremony of Major Projects were held in Beihai.A total of 33 cultural tourism projects were signed this time, with a total amount of more than 93 billion yuan. The projects include cultural tourism complex, cultural tourism industrial park, big health tourism and tourism infrastructure and capital cooperation.This also marks that the construction of major cultural tourism projects in Guangxi during the 14 th Five-Year Plan officially kicked off.

22. Xinjiang: The total amount of 37 major projects signed is nearly 69.5 billion yuan.

According to the investment platform of "Investing in Xinjiang":In 2021, the "Invest in Xinjiang" platform released 300 major cultural and tourism industry projects with a total investment of 104.208 billion yuan, of which more than 80% were concentrated in scenic spot development projects.On November 27th, at the 15th Xinjiang Winter Tourism Industry Fair and 2021 Northwest China Tourism Marketing Conference, 37 major cultural tourism projects in 12 prefectures in Xinjiang were signed successively, with a total contracted amount of nearly 69.5 billion yuan, involving transportation, hotels, resorts and other fields.

tag

After sorting out the inventory, among the key cultural tourism projects of the above 22 provinces in the "14 th Five-Year Plan", there are 5 provinces that plan to invest more than one trillion yuan, namely Beijing, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hunan and Guizhou; There are 11 provinces with more than 100 planned projects, of which more than 200 are Guizhou (995), Shaanxi (524), Xinjiang (more than 300) and Shandong (more than 200), and the remaining 7 provinces have more than 100, and the total investment exceeds 100 billion.

It is estimated that the total number of planned projects and investment projects in these 22 provinces exceeds 3,000, and the estimated investment exceeds 10 trillion yuan. Such a large-scale investment in cultural tourism projects reflects the strong self-confidence and firm determination of all localities to promote the high-quality development of the cultural and tourism industries, and will certainly inject infinite vitality and motivation into the upcoming new journey of cultural tourism in 2022.

The future has come and is worth looking forward to! ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????


　　

How to ensure safety and avoid disputes in house decoration？ The judge has something to say.

　　□ Rule of Law Daily reporter Xu Weilun

　　□ rule of law daily correspondent Gao Rong

　　A few days after the renovation of the new house, the neighbors came to the door and said that "the walls were cracked with excessive force." The owner of the new house also feels aggrieved, thinking that he has not carried out illegal construction, and the wall cracking of the neighbor’s house has nothing to do with himself. In this way, good neighbors went to court. After investigation by the judge, it is considered that the direction of the wall crack should be caused by the external force on the opposite side. Based on this, the People’s Court of Xicheng District of Beijing ordered the new house owner to compensate the neighbors for the related losses of 2500 yuan.

　　"Before starting work, it is necessary to inform the property company or the owners’ meeting. This is a clear provision of China’s civil code, and many people in life don’t know about it." After the court, the judge said that if you inform in advance, you can also learn the precautions about decoration safety from the property company to avoid accidents in the later period. In addition, the owner should also choose a decoration company with professional qualifications in exchange for high-quality decoration with good quality and quantity through detailed contract.

　　Cracking of neighbor’s wall caused by electric circuit gouging

　　Liu, who just bought a new house, was very excited and arranged for the other party to enter the construction site after signing a contract with the decoration company. Unexpectedly, just a few days after the renovation, neighbor Wang came to the door and asked Liu to compensate for the loss. "The wall of our house was broken by the decoration workers of your house."

　　In this regard, Liu does not recognize it. He believes that the wall cracking of Wang’s home is not caused by the decoration of his own home. Due to the unsuccessful negotiation on compensation matters, Wang appealed to the court and asked Liu to pay nearly 10,000 yuan for wall redecoration compensation, lost time and mental damages, and apologized in writing.

　　During the trial, Wang said that after the accident, she invited the property personnel to visit the damaged wall at home. The property personnel also believed that the wall damage was caused by improper decoration of Liu’s home. "Obviously, he refused to pay compensation."

　　"Refusing to pay compensation is because Wang won’t even let me in, just let me look at the photos. I really can’t see the reason for the wall damage from the photos. I can’t pay for it." Liu argued that during the renovation, only the circuit slot was made on the wall in his house, and no penetrating construction was carried out, which could not cause the wall of Wang’s house to be damaged.

　　What is the truth? The judge conducted an on-site inspection and found that there was a damaged crack on one side of Wang’s house. It was inferred from the direction of the wall crack that it should be caused by the external force on the opposite side. In this regard, the court held that if the infringement of property rights causes damage to the obligee, the obligee may claim damages according to law, or may claim other civil liabilities according to law. In this case, according to the situation that Liu is renovating the house, the damage of the common wall, the direction of the wall crack, and the statement in the communication process between Liu and Wang, it can be inferred that the damage of Wang’s house wall is caused by the decoration workers hired by Liu during the construction. Accordingly, the court ordered Liu to pay Wang’s wall maintenance costs and lost time expenses totaling 2,500 yuan.

　　Illegal decoration causes serious damage, resulting in fear of criminal responsibility.

　　"It is true that most of the renovations are carried out in their own houses, but this does not mean that they can do whatever they want." Liu Changlong, the presiding judge of this case, said that according to the provisions of the Civil Code, the owner has the right to possess, use, benefit and dispose of the exclusive part of his building; The owner’s exercise of rights shall not endanger the safety of the building or damage the legitimate rights and interests of other owners.

　　Liu Changlong said that although the owner’s decoration and decoration of the house is the transformation of its exclusive part and the exercise of exclusive rights, because the exclusive part of the owner is closely connected or adjacent to the exclusive parts of other owners and the common parts of all owners, if the exclusive rights exercised in his own house infringe on the exclusive rights of other owners or the interests of all owners, he should also bear the corresponding liability for compensation.

　　Recently, the incident of "load-bearing wall being smashed" has aroused social concern, which is caused by individual owners to meet their own decoration needs. However, they do not know that privately demolishing the load-bearing wall to expand the space of the house or change the layout of the house will lead to cracking or even collapse of the whole building, which will cause serious damage to the building structure. At present, the public security organs have taken criminal compulsory measures against those responsible for the incident, and severely punished the house owners and property companies involved.

　　The judge suggested that in addition to the criminal responsibility of the relevant responsible person, the owners and decoration companies involved in the case may face huge compensation. Therefore, when decorating a house, you can’t do whatever you want. If the damage is caused by illegal decoration, you need to bear civil liability, and even criminal liability if the damage is serious.

　　In addition, according to the law, the exterior wall of the building in the residential area is not an exclusive part, but is owned by all the owners of the community. Therefore, a single resident does not own the exterior wall closely connected with its exclusive part, but has the right to use it reasonably according to law, which is a reasonable extension of the owner’s exclusive right. "There are two standards for rational use, one is not for profit, and the other is not to harm the common interests of other owners in the community."

　　Inform the property and obtain safety information before starting work.

　　In fact, decoration is unfamiliar to many people, and the safety issues involved are even more "unclear". "It is very important to find a decoration company with professional qualifications. Professional engineers will ensure safety from the beginning of design to avoid safety accidents in the later period." Liu Changlong said that when choosing a decoration company, the owner should pay attention to checking the other party’s business license and relevant certificates, sign a standardized written contract, and follow up the construction progress in time and make phased acceptance during the construction period.

　　For the decoration scheme, the judge reminded that we should not only pursue beautiful form and reasonable layout, but also pay attention to the structural safety of the house. The Measures for the Administration of Residential Interior Decoration stipulates that it is forbidden to change the main body and load-bearing structure of the building without the original design unit or the design unit with corresponding qualification grade; It is forbidden to expand the size of the original doors and windows on the load-bearing wall and dismantle the brick and concrete walls connecting the balcony; It is forbidden to dismantle and change heating, gas pipelines and facilities that affect the building structure and use safety.

　　So, what are the load-bearing walls? Where are the original buried positions of gas pipelines and circuits? "This needs to get in touch with the property company and get their help, especially when the second-hand house is renovated, it is necessary to ask the property for the change plan of the previous owners’ renovation. In fact, this is also a clear requirement of the Civil Code. " Liu Changlong said that both the Civil Code and the Administrative Measures for Interior Decoration of Residential Buildings stipulate that the owner should inform the property service provider in advance when decorating the house. At the same time, the property service provider should inform the owner of the prohibited behavior and precautions of decoration, and the owner and decoration personnel should abide by the reasonable precautions prompted by the property service provider and cooperate with them to conduct necessary on-site inspections.

　　In addition, the property company should perform its supervisory duties in accordance with the law during the owner’s decoration process, and should stop the illegal decoration in time if it is found. If it cannot be stopped, it can report to the corresponding administrative department; If the property management company fails to fulfill its obligation of prompting or perform its supervisory duties, it should also be liable for the losses caused by the owner’s illegal decoration.

　　After construction, we should also raise awareness of civilized decoration, including reasonable arrangement of construction time, noise reduction and pollution reduction. Liu Changlong said that China’s civil code stipulates that the neighboring rights holders of real estate should correctly handle the neighboring relationship in accordance with the principles of favorable production, convenient life, solidarity and mutual assistance, fairness and reasonableness, which requires the owners to fully consider the convenience and good neighborliness of the neighboring rights holders when decorating. Specifically, during the renovation, the owner shall not occupy public space or damage public parts and facilities. At the same time, he shall pay attention to waterproofing to avoid water leakage from affecting the downstairs residents. Various forms of garbage generated by construction shall be piled up and removed according to the specified location, manner and time. When the rights and interests of others are damaged due to renovation, the owner shall take the initiative to communicate with neighbors, timely repair and actively compensate, resolve conflicts through friendly negotiation, and live in harmony with neighbors.

One minute in advance! Earthquake early warning ＂big horn＂ resounded through Chengdu night sky

　　Science and Technology Daily reporter Sheng Li

　　According to the China Seismological Network Center, an earthquake of magnitude 6.0 occurred near Changning County, Yibin City, Sichuan Province at 22: 55 on June 17th. After the earthquake and before the arrival of destructive seismic waves, TV screens and community broadcasts in many places in Sichuan realized the "countdown" of earthquake warning, especially in 60 communities in Chengdu High-tech Zone. 61 seconds before the earthquake struck, the short video that the warning "big horn" sounded at the same time was once "screened". What technology is used in earthquake early warning and what are its early warning channels? How do the general public receive earthquake warning? On the 18th, the reporter visited Chengdu Institute of High-tech Disaster Reduction (hereinafter referred to as the Institute for Disaster Reduction), the research and development unit of this earthquake early warning technology.

　　Zhang Xiao, who lives at No.123, Guixi East Road, Chengdu High-tech Zone, was a witness to the "big horn" earthquake warning in Chengdu High-tech Zone. She was preparing to rest on the night of the earthquake on the 17th, when she suddenly heard the "countdown" of the community broadcast. "The sound is particularly loud and the whole community is ringing." Zhang Xiao said that with the end of the countdown alarm, she felt obvious shaking at home. "It is certain that the police were reported first, and it only shook later."

　　After the earthquake, many places in Sichuan received earthquake early warning information through television, mobile phones and community broadcasts, which was released by the "Continental Earthquake Early Warning Network" jointly established by the Institute of Disaster Reduction and the emergency management department. According to the preliminary statistics of the Institute of Disaster Reduction, the mainland earthquake early warning network has issued early warnings to more than 200 schools in Yibin City and Leshan City, Sichuan Province, and 101 communities in Chengdu have also received early warnings. As for the early warning "big horn" that resounded through 60 communities in Chengdu High-tech Zone, it was jointly launched by Chengdu High-tech Zone and Disaster Reduction Institute on May 9 last year.

　　How does "Big Horn" realize earthquake early warning? Wang Gang, director of the Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Earthquake Early Warning and director of the Institute of Disaster Reduction, said that earthquake early warning is a technology that provides users with early warning for several seconds to dozens of seconds by using the principle that electric waves are faster than seismic waves after an earthquake.

　　As for the early warning process of the Changning earthquake, Wang Gang said that in the more than 10 years after the Wenchuan earthquake, the mainland earthquake early warning network jointly built by the Disaster Reduction Institute and the earthquake department of the emergency management department (the original city and county earthquake prevention and disaster reduction department) has covered 2.2 million square kilometers of land in China.

　　"In the huge area covered by this network (continental earthquake early warning network), once an earthquake occurs, earthquake early warning stations all over it can collect earthquake information and respond quickly." He said that after the earthquake, after the seismic wave propagates from underground to the special ground monitoring station of the mainland earthquake early warning network, the seismic wave summary information will be extracted by the first nearby station, and then it will be extracted by another nearby station again to complete the on-site earthquake judgment. The double-extracted seismic information will be transmitted to the early warning center located in the disaster reduction institute, and then comprehensively analyzed by the center to issue early warnings to all terminals.

　　After the Changning M6.0 earthquake and before the arrival of seismic waves, the warning time of Yibin City, 51km away from the epicenter, was 10 seconds, and the estimated intensity was 5.2 degrees. The early warning time for Luzhou City, which is 80 kilometers away from the epicenter, is 18 seconds, and the estimated intensity is 4.6 degrees; The early warning time for Zigong City, which is 111 kilometers away from the epicenter, is 27 seconds, and the estimated intensity is 4.1 degrees. "It can be clearly seen that the farther away from the epicenter, the longer the warning time." He said that the terminals that reached the intensity threshold in this early warning all issued earthquake early warning alarms or tips, and the terminals that did not reach the intensity threshold did not issue earthquake early warning as required.

　　"That is to say, after the Changning earthquake, if the intensity level of seismic waves arriving at different warning locations is lower than the preset value, the alarm will not sound, which is why some people in various places have received early warnings and some have not." Wang Wei said.

　　At present, the earthquake early warning methods that can be realized by the mainland earthquake early warning network include installing "early warning receiving terminal system" in schools, communities and high-risk enterprises, network early warning on mobile platforms such as mobile phones, and TV pop-up early warning. Among them, the early warning terminal system can connect loudspeakers and industrial control systems for earthquake risk control. For example, he said that the earthquake early warning emergency disposal system installed in Zone D of Tianfu Software Park in Chengdu High-tech Zone can control the elevator to realize automatic flat-floor shutdown, while high-risk chemical enterprises can realize automatic shutdown of production systems.

　　On the mobile side, early warning information can be published on platforms such as Weibo, WeChat and APP software. Ordinary users can download the "Earthquake Early Warning APP" developed by the Disaster Reduction Institute to realize mobile phone early warning. Finally, in terms of TV early warning, on May 27th this year, Sichuan Radio and Television Network took the lead in connecting the provincial radio and television network with the earthquake early warning network. At present, TV earthquake early warning in Sichuan has extended to 13 cities and states, covering 79 districts and counties. When an earthquake occurs, the TV will give an early warning by means of "hanging small corner pop-up window" or "large center pop-up window" in the lower right corner.

　　(Science and Technology Daily, Chengdu, June 18th)

Full-blown late at night! Spot gold hit a new high.

K graph GC00Y_0

　　On April 11th, local time, the three major stock indexes of US stocks were mixed, with the Dow down 0.01%, the S&P 500 index up 0.74% and the Nasdaq up 1.68%.Hot technology stocks in US stocks broke out in an all-round way.,It rose by more than 4%, and its market value increased by 112 billion US dollars in a single day.It rose by nearly 1.7%, breaking the record high set in 2021.

　　Gold also broke out.On April 11th, spot gold reached a record high of $2,377 per ounce at the end of the session.On that day, internationalFutures also generally closed up.

　　The Nasdaq rose 1.68%

　　On April 11th, local time, the data showed that as of the close, the Dow fell 2.43 points, or 0.01%, to 38,459.08 points. The Nasdaq rose 271.84 points, or 1.68%, to 16,442.20 points; The S&P 500 index rose 38.42 points, or 0.74%, to 5199.06.

　　Hot technology stocks generally rose.It closed up 4.3%, the biggest increase in 11 months, and its market value increased by $112 billion in a single day.It closed up 1.10% to $427.93, approaching the record closing price of $429.37 set on March 21st. Google closed up 2.09% to $159.41, hitting a record high after a trading day, with a closing market value of $1.96 trillion. It closed up 1.67% to $189.05, breaking through the record closing price of $186.57 set on July 8, 2021, with a closing market value of $1.96 trillion.It closed up 4.11% to $906.16. META closed up 0.64% at $523.16, approaching the record closing high of $527.34 on April 5.

　　Most of the popular Chinese stocks rose.Up more than 4%,、、、Up more than 1%,、、、、A slight increase.、、Falling more than 2%,It fell more than 1%.

　　The three major European stock indexes closed down across the board.Germany’s DAX index fell 0.82% to 17949.26 points, France’s CAC40 index fell 0.27% to 8023.74 points, and Britain’s FTSE 100 index fell 0.47% to 7923.8 points.

　　(Hong Kong) said that for the market, the Fed’s interest rate cut seems to be getting farther and farther away. More importantly, even if the interest rate cut occurs in June, it is difficult for the market to predict that the next interest rate cut will take place step by step. The agency believes that if the US stock market falls sharply, will the Fed cut interest rates urgently? This is not an easy question to answer, but one thing is certain. The sharp decline in the stock market will bring about the rise of interest rate cut expectations, which will alleviate the market’s concerns about high interest rates to a certain extent. Generally speaking, US stocks need to wait and adjust.

　　It is said that if the interest rate is not cut before the election, although the US stocks will fluctuate in the short term due to the expected difference, it also shows the resilience of the US economy, which is conducive to the US stocks to continue to form a siphon effect on the world, and then the US stocks can still see more before the election. Among commodities, gold is more sensitive to the Fed’s policies. Although there are some signs of desensitization in the near future, if the expectation of interest rate cuts continues to fail, short-term adjustment is still inevitable.

　　Spot gold hit a new high.

　　On April 11th, spot gold reached a record high of $2,377 per ounce at the end of the session.

　　Nikki Kalls, head of metal strategy at MKS PAMP SA, said: "Overall, the trend of US bonds seems to indicate that the Fed is about to raise interest rates, while the trend of gold seems to indicate that the Fed is still in the mode of cutting interest rates, so any dovish remarks in the future will accelerate the bull market trend of gold."

　　On that day, international futures also generally closed up. COMEX gold futures closed up 1.8% at $2,390.6 per ounce; COMEX silver futures closed up 1.76% at $28.545 an ounce.

　　China Foreign Direct Investment Confidence Index Ranking

　　Significantly jump

　　On April 11th, Kearney, a well-known management consulting company headquartered in Chicago, USA, recently released the 2024 global foreign direct investment confidence index report, which upgraded China’s ranking from the 7th last year to the 3rd.

　　According to the report, among the most attractive emerging markets for investors in the next three years, China ranks first among 25 countries, followed by the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, India, Brazil, Mexico, Poland and Argentina.84% of the respondents indicated that they will maintain or seek new investment opportunities in emerging markets in 2024.

　　Respondents listed technology and innovation ability as the primary conditions for choosing investment destinations this year.In 2024, the global foreign direct investment confidence index ranked the top three, and the United States, Canada and China also reflected investors’ preference for technologically advanced markets. It is worth mentioning that,Rapidly developingAroused the interest of investors and attracted a lot of capital.

　　In the report of global foreign direct investment confidence index in 2023, investors listed geopolitical tension and rising commodity prices as the most likely events. In the 2024 report, investors continue to express their concerns about geopolitical tensions, and believe that the business regulatory environment in both developed and emerging markets will tighten.

　　Kearney Company began to publish the global foreign direct investment confidence index report in 1998. The report is an annual survey, in which global corporate executives rank the markets that may attract the most investment in the next three years.

　　Forged information and defrauded more than 90 billion yuan.

　　Zhang Meilan was sentenced to death.

　　On April 11th, the People’s Court of Ho Chi Minh City sentenced Zhang Meilan, the richest woman in Vietnam and former chairman of Wanshengfa Group Co., Ltd., to death. According to the indictment, the defendant, Zhang Meilan, established the Wanshengfa ecological system consisting of 1,000 subsidiaries and joint ventures, and handed it over to relatives and family members for management. Zhang Meilan and his accomplices forged false loan files and traded from Saigon shares.(SCB) Withdraw funds to meet personal needs. Although he did not hold a post in SCB, Zhang Meilan became the major shareholder of SCB, holding 85% to 91.5% of the shares.

　　According to the indictment, from October 9, 2018 to October 7, 2022, Zhang Meilan forged a total of 916 loan documents, and defrauded 304 trillion VND (equivalent to RMB 93.2 billion) from SCB Bank. So far, the bank has failed to pay the money, and has generated more than 129.4 trillion Vietnamese dong in interest. This case is the biggest financial fraud case in Vietnam’s history.

Exclusive observation ｜ Domestic movies are released overseas, and brave ＂non-Hollywood＂!

1905 movie network news On July 8th, several cinemas in London, Birmingham and Sheffield, thousands of kilometers away from China, were waiting patiently for a Chinese film to enter.


What they are waiting for is an anti-epidemic movie that is currently being shown in China. From the perspective of ordinary people, the film truly restores the ordinary and heroic anti-epidemic images of the people of China, and shows the endless "spring power".

"The films are mainly distributed in London and several other famous university towns, and there are more international students in China — — They are very important audiences for Chinese films in the UK. " In an interview with 1905 Film Network, Luo San, the executive deputy general manager of 1905 Film, who is in charge of the overseas distribution of the film in the above areas, revealed that the focus of the British distribution was local China students, and the summer file was the climax of their viewing.


Prior to this, on July 1, the film was released simultaneously in South Africa, Tanzania and Mozambique in Africa. Compared with the relatively mature distribution channels and rich experience in other overseas regions, Africa is more like a "new continent" that needs to be reclaimed urgently for the overseas distribution of domestic films.


March into mainstream commercial cinemas in Africa


When the new film is released, it will be announced first.


In order to spread the film release information to the local potential audience in the shortest time, 1905 Film Industry and local partner BrandChina formed a joint distribution team to carry out effective online and offline linkage publicity.



On the online side, we cooperated with one of the largest cinema brands in South Africa to publish a graphic introduction of the film on all its new media accounts, and rolled out a trailer with the release date.



"We also’ infiltrated’ a small financial program that is frequently used by local people. Just like you log in to the software/applet of a domestic bank, you can easily understand the film information and purchase tickets while using the banking function. " This in-depth cooperation with local online brands makes Luo San very proud. She said, "We have similar publicity activities in the UK, but the cooperation is with offline merchants, who can get small gifts or enjoy shopping discounts with tickets."



Offline, the film’s physical posters and other materials are mainly placed in places where there are many Chinese activities, such as Chinatown and Chinese supermarkets. Combined with the consumption habits of local Chinese, the film screening cinema is located in several shopping centers with the most crowded and prosperous people in the most important cities in South Africa, and light box posters are arranged on the spot in advance.




Canal Walk Cinema, located in the center of Cape Town, South Africa, is one of them.


"Canal Walk is one of the largest shopping malls in Africa, and the Canal Walk Cinema is the largest cinema in Cape Town." Li Xiaoyong, general manager of BrandChina, said that in the past, Chinese films were mostly shown in art theaters. This time, "You are my Spring" can be shown in a mainstream commercial theater such as Canal Walk in the bustling city center, which is the first time.



Bravely break into "non-Hollywood"


Initially, most African countries began to learn from Nigeria’s "Nollywood" model, develop their own film industry, and expand channels through transnational cooperation and video websites. Nowadays, on the basis of the former, a "non-Hollywood" model of pan-African countries has evolved.


From 2010 to 2019, thanks to the demographic dividend and other factors, the potential and vitality of the African film market are gradually being seen by more people. Under this general trend, many foreign films have entered the African film market to look for opportunities, including domestic films such as Japan, South Korea, Japan and South Korea.


According to foreign media reports, in 2017, the number of screens in South Africa reached 782, and the number of screens per million people reached 13.79, ranking first among African countries. From 2010 to 2018, the total domestic box office in South Africa increased from 717.73 million rand (South African currency unit) to 1.3 billion rand, a rapid growth.


Therefore, the African premiere of You Are My Spring was set in South Africa, Tanzania and Mozambique, and other African countries are also arranging follow-up screenings one after another to truly enter Africa.



"Africa is a difficult issue for overseas distribution. With a vast territory and many dialects, the cinema market is also experiencing the impact of streaming media. This time, combining the film with the local situation, we decided to promote the film as an event worthy of attention for Chinese audiences. " Luo San admits that the distribution of domestic films in Africa is full of challenges. Need to adjust measures to local conditions, according to the local and then market conditions, targeted publicity.


Thanks to the upgrading of cinema equipment in South Africa, the feasibility of digital transmission was ensured, and the film was finally released simultaneously with China on July 1. Although it has experienced unspeakable difficulties and challenges, synchronization also means that the impact of domestic piracy and the interference of domestic word-of-mouth can be minimized. In this way, even in Africa, the local audience can see the film for the first time and make their own judgments.


African market expects more China films.


"From my own point of view, when I watched this movie, I felt that the emotional fragments in many movies can be empathetic to audiences in South Africa and around the world. This movie can touch you and me and touch the hearts of ordinary people. I understand that it tells a story about love and the difficulties that everyone in the world has experienced. "


Abdullah Regal, senior manager of cinema in Canal Walk Shopping Center, said that he had seen You Are My Spring. The local people have just experienced the epidemic in the film, so they can feel the same.


On July 7, local time, the film was also shown in the VIP hall of Emperor Palace Cinema in Johannesburg.


"The mainstream audience of the younger generation is still very interested in action movies and kung fu movies with oriental characteristics." Years of local experience have made Li Xiaoyong well aware of the local audience’s viewing preferences. Local cinemas have also expressed their expectation for more China films.



The overseas release of "You are My Spring" has opened up a broader space for further cooperation between China and South Africa in the field of film and cultural industry, and further promoted the common feelings of the Chinese and African people and deepened China-Africa friendship.


After participating in the overseas distribution of The Climbers, "You are My Spring" and other films, the overseas distribution of 1905 films involved about 50 important box office output countries in Asia, Africa, Europe and America.


As the most vital and energetic part of cultural output, domestic films going out to sea are easier to spread and express the essence and details of Chinese excellent culture, and bear the mission of carrying forward China’s 5,000-year civilization. This is also an important part of China’s progress from a big movie country to a powerful movie country.


In the future, we expect more excellent domestic films to sail out of the sea.


(Note: All the pictures except the poster are provided by the interviewee.)