月度归档： 2025 年 4 月

Guangdong strengthens the prevention and control of liquidity risk of provident fund, and sets 85% of individual housing loan rate of housing provident fund as the critical point of early warning.

　　On the 28th, the reporter learned from the Guiding Opinions on Early Warning and Management of Liquidity Risk of Housing Provident Fund Funds in Guangdong Province issued by the Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development that Guangdong will establish an early warning and management system for liquidity risk of housing provident fund funds.

　　According to the requirements of opinions, through the early warning indicators of individual housing loan rate and net capital flow of housing provident fund, we will comprehensively analyze the capital flow of housing provident fund in time and predict the development trend of supply and demand of housing provident fund loans, and implement early warning in the city as a unit. At the same time, the implementation of early warning classification management. According to the operation of funds and referring to the relevant provisions of the state, 85% of the individual housing loan rate of housing provident fund is set as the critical point of early warning, and it is divided into three early warning levels according to the early warning level: the first warning is that the individual housing loan rate of housing provident fund is between 85% and 90%, and the net flow of funds is negative for three consecutive months; The second warning is that the personal housing loan rate of housing provident fund is between 90% and 95%, and the net flow of funds continues to be negative; The third-level warning is that the personal housing loan rate of housing provident fund is above 95%, and the net flow of funds continues to be negative. When the two early warning indicators of individual housing loan rate and net capital flow meet the conditions at the same time, the corresponding early warning level is triggered.

　　The opinion calls for early warning and management of capital liquidity risk. The Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development has established a monthly housing provident fund system through the relevant data of the housing provident fund statistical information system and other relevant data, carried out analysis on the operation of relevant business indicators, monitored the liquidity risk of housing provident fund funds in various cities, and issued early warning risk tips to urban housing provident fund management committees and housing provident fund management centers when necessary. Municipal housing provident fund management centers should establish and improve the liquidity risk prevention and control mechanism, strengthen the research and judgment on the liquidity risk of housing provident fund funds, formulate the implementation plan for the liquidity risk prevention and control of housing provident fund funds, and take corresponding control measures to prevent and control risks according to the early warning level. When the risk warning is triggered, it should be reported to the housing provident fund management Committee and the provincial competent department in time, and corresponding measures can be taken to prevent and control risks.

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Expert： The United States is trying to reorganize the Arab version of NATO and wants to ＂kill with a knife＂ to contain Iran.

　　CCTV News:America is out of the group again! On the 3rd, just after the International Court of Justice ruled that Iran had won the lawsuit against the United States, the United States withdrew from the US-Iran friendship treaty. For the rapidly deteriorating relationship between the United States and Iran, withdrawing from the group is only the beginning.

　　In May this year, the United States announced its withdrawal from the comprehensive agreement on the Iranian nuclear issue and restarted sanctions against Iraq. In July, Iran filed a complaint against the United States to the United Nations International Court of Justice, based on the Treaty of Friendship, Economic Relations and Consular Rights signed by the two countries in 1955.

　　On October 3, the International Court of Justice issued a communique saying that it was initially determined that the International Court of Justice had "jurisdiction" over the case and demanded that the United States immediately stop sanctions against Iranian humanitarian goods and goods and services related to civil aviation safety.

　　Iranian Foreign Minister Zarif welcomed the decision in a social media post on the 3rd, calling it "another failure to sanction the addicted United States" and "a victory of legal order".

　　If the ruling of the International Court of Justice is implemented, it will greatly alleviate Iran’s economic difficulties. Because following a series of sanctions against non-energy fields in August this year, the United States will restart sanctions against Iran’s energy industry, oil trading, central bank trading and other fields on November 5, and the situation is urgent.

　　However, after the ruling was announced by the International Court of Justice, Pompeo immediately said that the US-Iran friendship treaty was terminated, and pointed out that Iran’s past "malicious behavior" made it "absurd" to file a lawsuit in the International Court of Justice.

　　According to a report on the website of "Russian TV Today" on the 4th, the 10-year US military aid plan for Israel will come into effect on the 8th and will be implemented in the new fiscal year. Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu welcomes this.

　　On September 14th, the United States and Israel formally signed a new memorandum of understanding, which finalized what was called "the largest single bilateral military assistance in American history".

　　According to this new agreement, from the fiscal year of 2019 to 2028, Israel will receive about 3.8 billion U.S. dollars in aid each year, including 3.3 billion U.S. dollars in foreign military financing and 500 million U.S. dollars in missile defense cooperation program, provided that it must purchase American weapons. The State Council bluntly said that the plan aims to protect Israel from "all potential regional rivals", but the most important thing is to avoid the influence of "terrorist organizations sponsored by the Iranian regime".

　　Li Shaoxian, dean of the Institute of Arab Countries in China, Ningxia University, said that recently, the United States has been trying its best to reorganize the so-called Arab version of NATO, and one of its important purposes is to "kill people by the sword" to contain Iran.

Experts discuss ＂Fireworks Family＂ Xu Fan Liang Jing Sun Qian interprets the core of the role.


1905 movie network news A seminar on TV series "Fireworks Family" was held in Beijing a few days ago. The competent departments, experts and scholars, broadcasting platforms, representatives of the main creators, starring actors, actors and actresses attended the event. The guests at the meeting discussed the spiritual theme of family growth, the cultural communication value of caring for family reality, and the creative concept, development and changes of family dramas with realistic themes.　


"Fireworks Family" takes the getting along, running-in and common growth of three generations of Meng family as the narrative basis, focuses on different intergenerational parent-child communication modes and typical Chinese mother-daughter relationship, and shows the influence of different family appearances on individuals.


Yang Xiaopei, founder and CEO of Xixi Film, artistic director and chief producer of Fireworks House, said when interpreting the creation process of the drama series: "We all experience these trivial things, but how can we still have hope in these trivial lives? This is a core strength and value that I want to express most in the creation of Fireworks House."


After the broadcast of "Fireworks Family", the distinctive characters of the main characters and the plot of dramatic conflict have caused extensive discussions on the Internet. Xu Fan, the actor of Meng Mingwei in the play, shared that the cooperation between the actors in the whole shooting process was very tacit, just like a harmonious big family giving to each other. "There was a scene where my daughter and mother advised Mingwei to divorce. When I looked into my eyes, I felt absorbed and felt the mutual strength between the actors."


Liang Jing, who plays Meng Yuqing, feels the influence of this woman. In her view, the characters have both a sense of fragility and an absolutely powerful inner world, and at the same time, she knows how to get along with her family. Qian Sun, the actor of Tao Shu-na, also expressed her feelings: "Nana infected the audience with her optimism and courage. Many people said that she was me. I used to feel this way when shooting, but later I found that I was more positive and sunny at that time. This is the energy that Nana gave me."


The guests and scholars at the meeting also put forward their research and thinking on Fireworks House. Hujie, Secretary-General of Youth Working Committee of China TV Drama Production Industry Association, said: "From the narrative type, Fireworks Family has opened up a new paradigm of realistic family drama". In his view, while presenting the family relationship in a panoramic way, the play tells the plight of each individual in the family in a delicate and unique way, which is true, grounded and has the texture of real life flow.


Lv Fan, director of the Audio & Video Office of Peking University Media Center and deputy director of Peking University TV Research Center, thinks that Fireworks Family has achieved three things in terms of aesthetic characteristics: it has returned to the realistic tradition of China family drama, realistically represented the essence of female group images and innovated the connotation expression of the word "fireworks".


Professor Tsinghua University, vice-chairman of the Chinese Literary Critics Association, thinks that "Fireworks Family" is a drama that has been widely concerned by the society and brought about a wide range of social topics. It is a new expansion of family ethics drama. The three generations of female images have their own characteristics, and it is also a breakthrough in the new image of new women. Through a new understanding of the new society, the basic theme of upward goodness has been conveyed. "


Liu Qiong, deputy director of the Literature and Art Department of People’s Daily, said in his speech: "This drama has a particularly distinctive female perspective and female thinking, and it interprets and presents the life state with women as the protagonist. It is of exemplary value in large theme types."


Decode the ＂end-to-end＂ concept that everyone is talking about, and easily play with the new trend of automotive technology.

Since the launch of the end-to-end intelligent driving system "FSD V12 beta" in the United States in August 2023, end-to-end has become the hottest topic in the automobile industry. With the follow-up of Huawei, Tucki, Weilai, Ideality and other enterprises, almost every domestic manufacturer will spend a lot of space in the press conference to publicize how powerful their end-to-end is. Regardless of marketing methods, what does "end-to-end" mean? What does it mean for intelligent driving? Today we will explain this question to you!

Before the end-to-end intelligent driving system was mass-produced, every intelligent driving system adopted a modular scheme. Simply put, modular intelligent driving is an assembly line, which mainly includes four processes: perception, prediction, planning and control. First of all, the task of the sensing part is to process the data of sensors such as radar and camera of the vehicle, and then analyze the specific position and road trajectory of the objects around the vehicle, and distinguish whether they are pedestrians, bicycles, cars or trucks.

Then, the perception module will transmit the above information to the prediction module, and the prediction module will analyze the next movement state of the surrounding traffic participants according to the above information, such as whether the surrounding vehicles will turn, go straight or stop next. After further analysis, the prediction module will provide one or more driving paths and vehicle speeds that the vehicle can refer to next.

Then the prediction module sends the road driving scheme of the vehicle to the planning module, and the planning module will decide what the vehicle should do next according to the information such as the vehicle’s own state and navigation. After the planning module confirms the driving path and speed, it will transmit the command to the control module, and then the control module will calculate and operate the steering wheel, brake and throttle of the vehicle. A seemingly simple intelligent driving function is realized through the above steps.

From the above introduction, it is not difficult to see that modular intelligent driving decomposes simple driving behavior into multiple steps, and the logic of each step is in perfect harmony. In the eyes of car companies and suppliers, modular intelligent driving itself is a very good solution, because different teams can be responsible for the corresponding modules and give full play to the advantages of division of labor and cooperation, thus rapidly changing intelligent driving from concept to mass production.

Secondly, modular intelligent driving has a set of system framework with clear functions and responsibilities, so when the intelligent driving system finds bugs in use, car companies and suppliers can immediately find the specific reasons for the bugs and quickly fix them through OTA. For example, if the vehicle brakes wrongly when driving at high speed, then through data analysis, the vehicle enterprise can know whether the fault is due to the wrong data of the sensing module or the wrong judgment given by the forecasting and planning module.

Although modular intelligent driving is convenient for mass production and BUG repair, it needs to learn a lot of traffic rules and driving experience if it wants to control vehicles like people, and all this depends on engineers to define the rules in advance, that is, to turn traffic rules and driving experience into lines of software code. But can engineers write code to cover all the driving scenes in reality? Of course it’s impossible! On this issue, there is a classic case in the industry. If you drive a vehicle on a narrow road full of cars on both sides, a balloon suddenly floats on one side of the road, then the general logic will think that there may be children jumping out on one side of the road, so the vehicle should brake immediately. However, the same scene is placed on the high speed. If the intelligent driving system still controls the vehicle by braking immediately, it is likely to turn into a rear-end collision. In other words, if engineers don’t define the rules in advance for this kind of driving scene, such as the system doesn’t brake after the balloon is detected at high speed, then the intelligent driving system will have safety risks when it encounters similar scenes.

According to Xpeng Motors, a relatively stable mass production intelligent driving system has about 100,000 rules. And if the intelligent driving system is to be close to the same level as people, it needs to manually write about 1 billion rules. For software engineering development, this is almost impossible. Because of this, we can see that the traditional intelligent driving system will make more or less mistakes in daily use, so that drivers have to intervene.

For the above reasons, car companies that focus on autonomous driving have been trying to solve the problem that traditional intelligent driving needs preset rules, so there is an end-to-end approach. The so-called end-to-end, in fact, is to make all the traditional sub-modules of perception-prediction-planning-control neural network, that is, to replace the traditional algorithms and manually written rules with advanced algorithm models.

Therefore, the end-to-end workflow is quite different from the traditional modular workflow. The traditional modular work sequence is perception-prediction-planning-control in turn, while the end-to-end sequence is sensor data (radar, camera)-neural network-driving parameters (steering wheel, throttle, brake), that is to say, the traditional perception, prediction, planning and control modules are all completed by neural network.

As can be seen from the workflow, the core technology in end-to-end is neural network, and the technology most closely related to neural network is AI. In the past two years, AI has shown great performance in the fields of voice, text, pictures and video, and everyone should have realized it. When the neural network is applied to the car, it means that people can constantly train the intelligent driving system, so that it can learn to adapt to more complex driving environment.

Therefore, at the functional level, the biggest change from end to end is that the system has the ability of autonomous learning, which is a function that traditional modular intelligent driving does not have.In this way, when dealing with all kinds of unexpected real driving scenes, end-to-end can calculate the appropriate rules through neural network, without having to manually write the rules in advance, which also provides a solution for intelligent driving to deal with endless driving scenes in reality.For example, the Tesla FSD V11 version, which didn’t have end-to-end function before, has written more than 300,000 lines of code, while the end-to-end FSD V12 version has directly reduced more than 300,000 lines of code to 2,000 lines, but the performance of FSD V12 is closer to human drivers than V11.

fromIn theory, end-to-end is indeed a very ideal technology, but in practice, end-to-end is not so reliable. This is because people’s understanding of neural networks is still not clear enough at this stage, so people also call neural networks "black boxes". As shown in the above figure, in the white box state, we are very aware of the logical causal relationship between system input/output, but when the input information passes through the black box, people can’t explain why the input information becomes the output information.

For example, when there is an obvious logical error in the intelligent driving system, the vehicle manufacturer can quickly find out which module the problem is, and then manually write a new rule. But in the end-to-end system, car companies do not know which parameter or structure in the complex neural network has problems.

For this reason, the end-to-end intelligent driving system based on neural network can sometimes give reasonable rules in very complicated scenes, but sometimes it will make very low-level mistakes, such as not being able to distinguish traffic lights, so some people describe it as "the upper limit is very high and the lower limit is very low". Considering that there are some risks in the end-to-end application, the end-to-end intelligent driving system introduced by Huawei and Tucki does not rely entirely on autonomous learning, and their end-to-end systems still have many manually written rules to cover the intelligent driving system.

From the perspective of technology development trend, end-to-end is definitely the direction of high-level intelligent driving in the future. However, because people’s understanding of neural networks is not thorough enough, the end-to-end performance of various companies at this stage still has a certain gap with the ideal level. In addition, compared with the existing modular intelligent driving system, whether the end-to-end neural network algorithm model is smart or not depends heavily on massive real data for training. Only after massive data training, the neural network can be transformed from a small model to a usable large model, which means that high-order intelligent driving requires huge computing power and data input in the development stage, thus invisibly raising the threshold of intelligent driving. Because of this, some car owners will feedback that their cars are not as good as they used to be after upgrading to end-to-end intelligent driving. This is the painful period of big model training. Considering that there are great differences in end-to-end training among different brands in reality, this means that the performance gap of different brands of intelligent driving systems may be gradually widened in the future.

Can the end-to-end model solve the last mile problem of autonomous driving？

In smart car technology, high-level autonomous driving is a difficult problem that major manufacturers and most Internet giants are trying to overcome. Whoever can take the lead in promoting the landing of advanced autonomous driving technology will be able to take the lead in automobile sales. In the high-order autonomous driving technology, the end-to-end model is the most discussed by all parties.

Compared with the previous model, end-to-end seems to have become the only way for advanced autonomous driving. So what is the end-to-end model? What is the development trend of end-to-end model in China? These problems are worthy of people’s attention.

What is an end-to-end model?

Speaking of the end-to-end model, it is natural to be inseparable from the ChatGPT of this year’s fire. ChatGPT itself is an end-to-end model, that is, by inputting words, customers can get the answers they want.

Whether it’s PPT or video, ChatGPT and other big models may spit it out. In this process, the most critical is the AI model. It can gain insight into users’ needs and produce the content they need.

In the field of autonomous driving, the most famous end-to-end model is Tesla’s FSD V12. The input of this model is all kinds of image data obtained by the camera; The output end is the vehicle control instructions, including steering, acceleration and braking. In the middle, it is a big model that Tesla is proud of.

In the scene of end-to-end model, when the vehicle recognizes some traffic signs or encounters various situations, it will automatically judge according to the past learning situation, instead of looking for a solution to this problem in the code according to various preset preconditions like the traditional model.

What are the advantages of the end-to-end model?

In contrast, in the past, the traditional autopilot model was based on the working conditions set by engineers in advance. The choice of driving behaviors, including lane changing, parking and even overtaking, has been set in advance. This will bring two problems:

Autopilot models are becoming more and more complex. Since each module usually only performs one driving behavior, the automatic driving algorithm needs to include the driving behavior of human drivers as much as possible. Therefore, the code of traditional autonomous driving technology usually has hundreds of thousands of lines of code. This will bring higher and higher requirements for the computing power of smart driving chips. Tesla’s FSD V12 has only 2000 lines of code; While FSD V11 has an astonishing 300,000 lines of code.

Unable to solve the long tail condition. No matter how full the preliminary test and certification are, no autopilot algorithm can say that all the long tail conditions are included. Then once you meet a new long tail working condition, it is very likely that traffic accidents will occur and even life injury accidents will occur.

The best case is that the project operated by GM’s Cruise in California encountered various working conditions that had not been encountered in the previous experimental stage at the beginning of its launch, which led to casualties, forcing the California Highway Bureau to suspend the license of Cruise for a time.

Where is the end-to-end difficulty?

To achieve an end-to-end model, there are two main limiting factors: massive data and large computing power. Only with the blessing of these two factors can the end-to-end model land. In order to make the end-to-end model closer to human drivers, its large model often needs to contain hundreds of millions of parameters. Only with more parameters can the driving characteristics and habits of human drivers be better simulated, and the performance of the model will be better. In these two areas, Tesla has a clear first-Mover advantage.

Not long ago, Tesla just got the certification of domestic data security and privacy protection, and was allowed to enter the government department compound. The reason why Tesla didn’t get the relevant recognition before was that the cameras in each car were collecting all kinds of data in real time and uploading them to the server for training the FSD algorithm.

Looking around the world, Tesla’s newly sold models every year are constantly providing data for the FSD V12 algorithm for the latter to continue to optimize learning.

It is worth mentioning that Tesla’s car also has a "shadow mode". It will compare the deviation between the driving behavior of the owner and the driving behavior determined by the automatic driving system, upload the relevant data together, and also optimize the algorithm.

At the same time, in order to be able to calculate the massive data collected, Tesla also needs a supercomputer center. The core of supercomputing center is the large computing power chip. For this reason, Tesla not only bought a large number of NVIDIA H100 chips, but even developed Dojo chips. The unit price of the former is as high as $35,000, while the investment in research and development costs of the latter is hundreds of millions.

For any enterprise, this is not a small expense. Domestic car companies have basically not been able to develop their own large computing chips. NVIDIA H100 chip has already become a product on the export control list of the United States, and it is difficult for domestic car companies to obtain it.

So is it possible to achieve the end-to-end model with massive data and large computing power? The answer is also no.

From the above description, we can find that the end-to-end model is actually a "black box". If there is an error in the model operation, it is actually difficult for researchers to find out what part of the model is wrong and directly adjust the model.

Theoretically, only through more training, or increasing more parameters and trying to adjust some model parameters can we try to solve the problem. Therefore, whether the autopilot model based on end-to-end technology can finally meet the needs of autopilot technology at the safety level is still very uncertain.

Even so, compared with the traditional autopilot model, the advantages of the end-to-end model are very obvious. Especially when solving the long tail condition, the end-to-end model can give play to the incomparable advantages of the traditional autonomous driving technology model. At present, some new car companies, such as Huawei, Tucki, Weilai and Ideality, have started to introduce the end-to-end model in the domestic market.

Aside from Huawei, which has abundant capital, it is a big challenge for new car companies with limited capital accumulation to balance the input and output returns of end-to-end technology. Not to mention, it is not an easy task to buy large computing chips in China at present.

With the high probability of the end of the year, Tesla FSD V12 will enter the domestic market. What changes will take place in the domestic market structure of autonomous driving technology at that time, which deserves people’s attention.

Analysis on Data Requirements of End-to-end Intelligent Driving

Intelligent driving technology is striding towards the end-to-end direction, and its technical iteration affects the nerves of the whole intelligent driving industry. From the overall structure, the end-to-end technical route can be divided into global end-to-end and modular end-to-end.

Global end-to-end is simply divided into two categories: world model and VLM.Usually, the parameter scale is very large, and the global end-to-end generalization ability is stronger.,Agent has strong interactive understanding.

Modular end-to-end and traditional algorithm approximation,Auxiliary modules can be added at will to easily cope with traffic rules constraints; The end-to-end consumption of modules is relatively low, and the generalization ability is weak.

In fact, modular end-to-end is the mainstream of end-to-end that is close to landing at present, and a few enterprises are studying the overall end-to-end.(Tesla may have used a global end-to-end, but there is very little public information; Weilai plans to launch the world model). In China, Huawei ADS 3.0 is recognized as the leading intelligent driving system. Its technical route is modular end-to-end.

Huawei ADS 3.0 architecture

This paper analyzes the requirements of end-to-end technology for data from the industry, mainly involving dataScale, quality, diversity, real-time and closed-loop feedbackAnd so on.

End-to-end intelligent driving relies on deep learning models, which usually requireenormous dataConduct training. Tesla relies on millions of cars equipped with cameras and sensors around the world to continuously collect driving data to train the FSD(Full Self-Driving) system. In the financial report, Musk once mentioned the data needed for the training model: "One million video trainings are barely enough; 2 million, slightly better; 3 million, you will feel "wow!" ; When it reaches 10 million, it becomes unbelievable. "

Tesla data engine framework (From the network, small hidden drawing)

ask：

  • Millions to billions of kilometers of data, covering different weather, lighting, road conditions, traffic flow and other complex environments.

High-quality data is very important for end-to-end learning, especially labeled data. Traditional autonomous driving (such as Waymo) usually relies on high-precision maps and accurately labeled 3D point cloud data. Tesla and domestic OEMs are abandoning high-precision maps and turning to the "visual priority" strategy, requiring neural networks to understand the environment end to end. Relying on automatic labeling system to reduce manual intervention and improve data quality. Automatic labeling can replace 5 million hours of manual work, and manual work only needs to check and fill in a very small part.

ask：

  • accuracyMismarking data may lead to learning deviation and affect security.
  • Denoising: Filter sensor errors and low-quality data (blur, occlusion, etc.).
  • consistencyThe data of the same scene at different time points should be reasonably consistent for network generalization.

From the perspective of the whole industry,It is a new trend to improve data quality through self-supervised learning technology.. NVIDIA has improved the efficiency and reliability of data annotation through EmerNeRF’s self-supervised learning technology.

EmerNeRF decomposes scenes by introducing three neural fields: static field, dynamic field and flow fields, so as to realize effective learning of complex scenes.

EmerNeRF decomposes and reconstructs pipelines.

Static field is responsible for labeling static elements such as buildings, signs and street lamps, while dynamic field expresses all moving objects, while flow field simulates the motion of dynamic objects and is used for dynamic feature aggregation in time. Most importantly, EmerNeRF can learn these scenes automatically from raw data without any manual annotation. After learning, the model can present the temporal and spatial changes of the scene at the same time, and then realize the high-fidelity reconstruction of static scenes and dynamic objects. Through this technology, it can help mass production enterprises to further improve the training volume and gain more opportunities in end-to-end autonomous driving.

The end-to-end model needs to deal with the complex and changeable driving environment, so the data must have a wide range of scene coverage:

  • Geographical diversitySuch as cities, highways, rural roads, mountainous areas, etc.
  • weather condition: sunny, rainy, snowy, foggy, etc.
  • Difference of traffic rulesDifferent countries and regions have different traffic regulations, signs and driving habits.
  • Long tail sceneExtreme situations (sudden intrusion of pedestrians, crossing of animals, sudden accidents, etc.) are often the difficulties of autonomous driving. Tesla uses "shadow mode" to capture these cases and use them for training.

ask：

  • For global vehicles, it is necessary to collect global data, covering different cultures and regulations.
  • Reinforcement learning pays special attention to the "long tail problem" data to avoid the failure of the model under Corner Case.

Since Tesla FSD entered China in 2025, many institutions have evaluated it. According to their feedback, the performance of FSD in China is moderate, although the basic driving ability is excellent.However, there are many defects in traffic light recognition, traffic rules compliance and mixed traffic scenes.. The main reason for this situation is the influence of data diversity differences. (FSD basically does not use China road traffic data to train the model. )

Intelligent driving system needscontinuous renewalData to adapt to the new driving situation. When there are many test vehicles, it is necessary to filter, compress and transmit valuable scenes efficiently. Tesla’sThe FSD Beta version adopts a fast iteration strategy.Its data pipeline can automatically discover and collect "valuable cases" to improve the model. The characteristics of end-to-end learning determine that it is more dependent on real-time data feedback. For example, when the model is wrong in a specific driving environment, the system needs to quickly recover data, analyze problems, and update the model through OTA.

ask：

  • Data collection, processing, training and deployment should have high efficiency.
  • Through automatic scene identification and screening mechanism, scene data can be distilled efficiently and effective data can be obtained quickly for model training and evaluation.

The core advantage of end-to-end driving lies in data-driven closed-loop learning.

  • Application of shadow mode: Even if ADS doesn’t really take over driving, the system can still run in the background and record.Model decision vs. Difference of human driver’s decision.If the deviation is found, the scene data will be returned and used for model optimization.

Tesla shadow mode

  • Data enhancement and simulationTesla, NVIDIA, Weilai, Xiaomi and other companies use neural networks to generate Neural Rendering, while Waymo and other companies build large-scale virtual test scenarios for model fine-tuning.

Tesla trained the model through simulation.

High confidence synthetic virtual scene (aiSim)

ask：

  • data mining: Automatically identify low performance areas and improve the convergence speed of the model.
  • Simulation ability: Using high fidelity analog data to improve data utilization.

andThe requirements for data are extremely strict, including:

  • Large scale data: covering millions to billions of kilometers of driving data.
  • High quality labeling: Reduce manual intervention and improve the accuracy and efficiency of labeling.
  • Scene diversity: Covers various road conditions, weather, geographical environment, etc.
  • real-time: Quickly collect, analyze, optimize and update OTA.
  • closed loop feedback: Automatically discover problem data and optimize the model.

American experts and scholars criticize the US government’s trade policy： it harms the common interests of the world.

　　Since the United States provoked a trade war, many experts and scholars in the United States have voiced their voices, criticizing that the US government’s trade policy does not conform to the trend of the times of deepening economic globalization and increasingly blending interests of various countries, affecting the interests of enterprises and consumers in the global value chain and damaging the global multilateral trading system and the global economic recovery process.

　　China goods imported by the United States contain added value belonging to enterprises in other countries, including American enterprises.

　　Today, with the deepening of economic globalization, commodities of various countries are integrated and interdependent through value chains and industrial chains. American scholars generally believe that the US government’s trade policy artificially disrupts the existing normal global economic and trade cooperation, and its negative impact will spread to global enterprises including American enterprises.

　　Mary Lovely, a professor of economics at Syracuse University and a researcher at Peterson Institute for International Economics, published an article in The New York Times, pointing out that about 60% of China’s products exported to the United States are produced by factories owned by non-China enterprises. Many of these factories produce customized parts for American manufacturers. This means that the tariffs imposed by the US government on China actually affect many American (and European) companies with factories in China. They can only bear the import duties themselves or pass them on to American consumers by raising the prices of their products.

　　Lovely further pointed out in the article that China goods imported by the United States contain added value belonging to enterprises in other countries, including American enterprises. For example, Apple mobile phones imported from China in the United States include Korean display screens, Japanese chips, American design and programming, etc. Lovely believes that in the process of escalating trade disputes between the United States and China, the China administration has increased its commitment to the global supply chain, which is in sharp contrast with the US government, which is isolating American manufacturers.

　　Du Dawei, a senior researcher at the Brookings Institution, and Wang Zhi, a professor at the University of International Business and Economics in China, jointly published an article pointing out that two thirds of world trade now takes place through global value chains, and the United States, according to the so-called 301 investigation, focuses on taxing China’s information and communication technology products. In fact, in terms of computers and electronic equipment, less than half of the added value of China’s export products belongs to China, and some even less than 10%, and the rest belongs to other countries. At the same time, more than half of China’s exports in this category come from multinational companies operating in China.

　　Joseph stiglitz, a Nobel laureate in economics and a professor at Columbia University, believes that the United States provoked a trade war, which led to an increase in uncertainty. He believes that there is something wrong with the American economy, but it is not caused by China. America’s problem is a domestic problem, that is, saving too little. As Americans realize that they have lost double interests from this trade war — — Employment opportunities will be reduced, while commodity prices will rise — — Public opposition will rise further.

　　The way the United States acts can easily lead to the fragmentation of the global trading system, resulting in a rapid and destructive decline in global trade volume.

　　The current multilateral trading system is an important foundation for the normal operation of the global economy. In the eyes of American experts and scholars, the United States government provoked a trade war with a strong unilateralist and protectionist thinking behind it, which impacted the current multilateral trading system and harmed the common interests of the international community.

　　Paul krugman, winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics, pointed out that the current behavior of the United States can easily lead to the fragmentation of the global trading system, resulting in a rapid and destructive decline in global trade volume. What the American government doesn’t understand is that the world economy is not a game that only surplus countries can win, and disrupting the global supply chain will harm everyone’s interests.

　　Dai Jie, a professor of law and political science at the University of Pennsylvania, believes that the abandonment of multilateralism by the United States will have a systemic impact. Since the end of World War II, the global economic governance structure represented by the WTO, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank has been supported by the United States, but at present, the policies of the US government will have a disturbing impact on the global economic order. "This order itself is beneficial to the whole world and belongs to global public goods".

　　J. Stapleton Roy, a senior researcher at Woodrow Wilson Center in the United States, said that the US government used to regard economic relations as a means to suppress other countries, but this was not the mainstream of global economic and trade relations. On the issue of economic and trade negotiations, European and Asia-Pacific economies are more supportive of multilateral channels, but the US government does not trust multilateral tracks. "Because multilateral negotiations will inevitably require all parties to make some compromises, and the so-called negotiations of the US government have no room for compromise, because they regard compromise as a failure."

　　Many American scholars believe that it is totally short-sighted to impact the current multilateral trading system at will in terms of the long-term development of the American economy. Wendy Cutler, deputy director of the Policy Research Institute of the Asia Society, pointed out that the trade war will lead to global supply chains and regional supply chains increasingly bypassing the United States. He warned that if the rest of the world builds a new trade structure that does not include the United States, the United States will be "marginalized" and "American workers, farmers and companies will be blocked from important markets."

　　Most of the global economic growth is driven by the United States and China, and this driving force is threatened by the escalation of trade friction.

　　When analyzing the future global economic trend, the US government provoked a trade war and became a "confidence killer" for all parties concerned. Experts believe that this will undermine the hard-won recovery and shake the foundation of global economic growth.

　　When analyzing the global economic prospects in 2018, nouriel roubini, a professor of economics at new york University, pointed out that a major challenge facing the global economy this year is that the policies of the US government are creating more uncertainties. Most of the global economic growth is driven by the United States and China, and this driving force is threatened by the escalation of trade friction. In addition to launching a trade war, the Trump administration is also undermining the global economic and geostrategic order established after World War II.

　　Jim O ‘Neill, former chairman of Goldman Sachs Asset Management, pointed out that 85% of the global nominal GDP growth since 2010 can be attributed to the United States and China. If the United States and China fall into a trade war, both countries will lose, and the world economy will also lose. Consumption accounts for 70% of the GDP of the United States. Active international trade and a stable and friendly investment environment are the keys to the sustainable growth of the American economy. I hope that the Trump administration can change its mind before "stifling the recovery that the world is waiting for".

　　Ban Anzu, a columnist of The Wall Street Journal, compared the differences between the United States’ trade war against China this time and Japan’s trade war in history. He pointed out that the Japanese market was closed to American companies as a whole in 1980s, but the China market was relatively open, and these companies were highly dependent on sales in China. The impact of the US-China trade war will spread far beyond the scope of the belligerents themselves, and American allies in the Asian supply chain will become the early targets of impact. "If the tension escalates to a serious enough level, the trade war may destroy the entire global trade framework."

　　Some American scholars believe that even from the perspective of enhancing the competitiveness of the American economy, trade blackmail is not a reasonable choice. Raphael Leif, president of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, wrote that it is wrong to think that aggressive defensive measures can ensure the success of America’s own technology. The practice of the United States "is nothing more than double locking all our doors, which will only imprison us in mediocrity."

　　(People’s Daily, Washington, August 12th)

State Administration of Market Supervision： Improving the Elevator Safety Supervision Mechanism through Multi-governance

　　"The first step out, the last journey home." With the rapid development of urban construction, elevators have become the most frequently used special equipment in people’s daily life, which is directly related to people’s life safety and quality of life.

　　How to manage elevator safety? How to calculate the accident dispute? How to protect consumer rights? Recently, following the State Administration of Market Supervision, the reporter started with the implementation of the supervision of safety subject responsibility, conducted research and analysis on the current situation of elevator safety supervision in grass-roots supervision departments, and put forward positive opinions and suggestions.

　　Exploring elevator "providing for the aged" in the whole life cycle

　　In Gongshu District, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, more than 2,000 elevators participated in the "endowment insurance". This is in September 2017, under the guidance of the provincial and municipal market supervision departments, Gongshu District pioneered the comprehensive insurance management model of elevator "endowment" and promoted it to elevators outside the house. Up to now, the elevator failure rate in Gongshu District has dropped for the first time in many years, among which the failure rate of insured elevators has dropped by more than 20%, and all the communities on the city’s elevator failure list have achieved "uncapping".

　　In recent years, with a large number of elevators entering the "aging" era, the demand for maintenance and renewal has increased, resulting in problems such as low quality of maintenance and difficult implementation of funds. "In the past, even replacing elevator parts was very cumbersome and required the consent of more than two-thirds of the residents. The fragmented elevator maintenance service was not only inefficient, but also increased the maintenance cost." Yuan Jianfeng, deputy director of the special department of Hangzhou Municipal Market Supervision Bureau, said that the old elevators not only have safety risks, but also the high cost of overhaul and even replacement has brought pressure to the community and residents.

　　Through the policy agreement, the elevator "old-age" comprehensive insurance packages the daily maintenance, repair and inspection expenses to the insurance company in the form of premium, and the insurance company supervises the maintenance quality of the elevator maintenance unit, and implements market-oriented management for the repair and replacement of spare parts. When the old elevator needs to be overhauled or replaced after being insured for a certain number of years, the insurance company will bear part of the expenses in proportion, thus diluting the cost of "providing for the aged" of the elevator.

　　"As the ultimate risk taker, the interests of the insurance company and the owner are highly consistent. After the elevator is insured, the insurance function is changed from post-claim service to pre-risk prevention and in-process risk control, actively relying on the professional technical team to control the elevator operation risk, and at the same time forcing the maintenance unit to improve the service quality, forming ‘ Survival of the fittest ’ The market environment. " Yuan Jianfeng introduced that the regulatory authorities "retreated half a step" from the original all-inclusive management, and introduced insurance mechanism to realize the elevator life cycle management, thus promoting the multi-co-construction and co-governance of government supervision, market operation and public participation, and effectively solving the problem of funds for elevator "minor illness repair" and overhaul.

　　After the insurance company’s "physical examination" and calculation of the insured elevators, all 23 elevators in Hushu Jiayuan, Gongshu District were insured, and each elevator invested an average annual premium of more than 8,000 yuan. Although this cost is slightly higher than the previous daily maintenance expenditure, in the long run, the owners feel that this account is very cost-effective. Chen Yougen, property manager of Qingshui Apartment in Hushu Street, said that since the insurance company intervened in elevator safety management, the fast payment process was used to solve the financial problem and improve the maintenance efficiency.

　　Constructing risk sharing insurance mechanism

　　According to statistics, in the past 15 years, the number of elevators in China has increased by an average of 15% annually, and the death rate of 10,000 elevators has continued to decline. In 2018, there were 31 elevator-related accidents in China, with 28 deaths, and the death rate of 10,000 elevator accidents was close to 0.04. Under the "double pressure" of the sharp increase in the total number of elevators and the increasing number of old elevators year by year, the overall stable safety situation will continue to be maintained.

　　Elevator safety liability insurance, as a kind of special equipment insurance, mainly covers the liability for compensation for casualties or property losses of third parties caused by accidents in the process of installation, operation, maintenance and inspection of elevators. Article 17 of the Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Safety of Special Equipment clearly stipulates: "The State encourages the insurance of special equipment safety liability insurance."

　　What practical problems did the elevator liability insurance solve? In Guangdong, which was the first to implement elevator liability insurance, I have a deep understanding of this. "As early as 2009, there was an incident in Guangdong where children left their parents to monitor and blindly climb ladders, which caused a sensation in public opinion. Since then, there have been many accidents in which children took elevators because of wearing hole shoes. In the past, it was necessary to investigate the cause of the accident before they could pay compensation. Often, the injured were not treated in time, and the children were at fault and might not get compensation. This shows that our elevator supervision system must be reformed." Luo Xiangping, deputy director of the special department of the Guangdong Provincial Market Supervision Bureau, said.

　　"Most elevator accidents occur in the use process, which is closely related to the use management and daily maintenance quality." In 2012, Guangdong initiated the reform of elevator safety supervision system in the whole province, in which it was made clear that the use of elevators was centered on the first responsibility of managers, elevator liability insurance was implemented, and legal enforcement of first liability and first compensation was established. Luo Xiangping told reporters that this changed the parallel position of the legal responsibility of the elevator use manager and the maintenance unit into a vertical position, built a responsibility chain, and played the role of insurance in timely rescue and early resolution of contradictions. "Nowadays, the masses know who to look for when an elevator is in trouble, who to look for when an elevator is trapped, and who to look for when an elevator is in trouble. The social effects of active supervision by elevator owners and passengers are increasingly apparent, which have effectively promoted the implementation of corporate safety main responsibility."

　　Xia Yong, Director of the Elevator Division of the Special Bureau of the State Administration of Market Supervision, introduced that in recent years, the General Administration has actively and deeply promoted the practice of elevator safety liability insurance. Approve Ningbo and other places to carry out the pilot project of upgrading from pure "insurance" to "insurance+service", promote the code of conduct of maintenance, implement the safety subject responsibility of elevator use management, and strengthen the civil liability relationship between elevator passengers and use managers; Support Nanjing to adhere to the principle of "compensation first" and "small amount of quick payment", so that residents in residential areas no longer have to pay premiums, and establish a "second generation" elevator safety liability insurance for fast settlement of claims.

　　"In the past, it was precisely because the government was too meticulous in the elevator safety supervision process, which weakened the sense of responsibility of property companies. When installing elevators, it was shoddy and the maintenance was not in place ‘ Sick ’ Problems such as operation are highlighted. " Xia Yong said that elevator safety supervision is now changing to be result-oriented, making full use of market rules to promote elevator liability insurance, and establishing a social insurance mechanism for risk sharing. In the next step, we will continue to encourage all localities to combine their own characteristics and continuously enhance the social security capacity of insurance under the premise of complying with laws and regulations and conforming to insurance principles.

　　Smart supervision guides science to "prevent disease"

　　"At present, we are constantly exploring the positive role of elevator safety liability insurance in promoting elevator supervision, and how to apply market means to form a new situation of elevator safety social co-governance with extensive participation." He Yi, the second-level inspector of the Special Bureau of the General Administration of Market Supervision, said.

　　China is a big country in elevator production and use, and the number of elevators, annual output and annual increment are the highest in the world. By the end of 2018, the number of elevators in use in China had reached 6.28 million, accounting for about one-third of the world total. More and more houses are equipped with elevators, which brings convenience to residents’ lives. However, the use of inferior elevators, faulty elevators and "aged" elevators, as well as the ambiguity of elevator maintenance and management, make elevator safety touch the psychological bottom line of the people again and again, which puts forward higher requirements for elevator safety supervision.

　　At present, the elevator emergency disposal system oriented to intelligent construction is gradually being established. The market supervision department of Hangzhou makes full use of information technologies such as the Internet of Things and cloud computing. After receiving the alarm that citizens are trapped, the "96333" emergency disposal center locates the faulty elevator in real time through the intelligent rescue electronic map, and the platform directly distributes electronic task sheets to the maintenance units to realize the nearby rescue. In addition, Hangzhou actively promotes elevators equipped with intelligent supervision devices to realize automatic identification, automatic positioning and automatic alarm of trapped people. The information of trapped people in elevators is matched and transmitted to the 96333 platform at the first time, and the average time for rescuers to arrive at the scene is shortened by more than 2 minutes compared with the traditional manual alarm disposal. At present, there are more than 14,000 smart elevators connected to the 96333 platform.

　　In January this year, Hangzhou also signed the first elevator pension insurance in China. "In the face of the outstanding problems such as the difficulty in implementing the main responsibility for installing elevators in existing houses and the difficulty in long-term follow-up management, we will also explore ‘ Insurance +’ The owner’s autonomous management mode ensures the sustainable operation and use of the installed elevator. " Lu Jianxiang, deputy director of the Hangzhou Municipal Market Supervision Bureau, said.

　　Lu Jianxiang said that in order to meet the needs of elevator safety supervision, Hangzhou promoted elevator insurance, carried out star rating of maintenance units, encouraged the application of advanced technology, and actively strived for elevator legislation. Through the promulgation and implementation of the "Hangzhou Elevator Safety Management Measures", it was stipulated that remote monitoring devices should be used as the standard requirements for newly installed elevators to leave the factory, and real-time risk monitoring and early warning of elevators should be carried out by smart means to achieve the effect of "preventing diseases". "Build a platform with the tangible hand of the government, activate the invisible hand of society to play a role, and then use the magical hand of technology to make the intelligent supervision of elevators benefit millions." (Reporter Guo Jingyuan)

Six departments： new teachers in colleges and universities can only take up their posts if they pass the examination of teachers’ morality and style.

　　　　　 BEIJING, Jan. 27 (Xinhua) According to the website of the Ministry of Education, recently, the Ministry of Education and the Central Organization Department issued the Guiding Opinions on Strengthening the Construction and Reform of College Teachers in the New Era (hereinafter referred to as the Guiding Opinions). The Guiding Opinions put forward that in order to strengthen the implementation of the evaluation of teachers’ morality, new teachers in colleges and universities must receive special training on teachers’ morality and style before taking up their posts, and only after reaching a certain number of hours and passing the examination can they obtain the qualifications of teachers in colleges and universities and take up their posts to teach.

　　In order to thoroughly implement the Opinions on Comprehensively Deepening the Reform of Teaching Staff Construction in the New Era and the Overall Plan for Deepening the Reform of Education Evaluation in the New Era issued by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council, and strengthen the reform of teaching staff construction in colleges and universities in the new era, the following guiding opinions are put forward:

　　First, accurately grasp the requirements of the times for the reform of teaching staff construction in colleges and universities, and implement the fundamental task of cultivating people by virtue. The goal and task is that through a series of reform measures, the development support system for college teachers is more perfect, the management evaluation system is more scientific, the treatment guarantee mechanism is more perfect, and the governance system and governance capacity of teachers are modernized. The professional attraction of college teachers has been significantly enhanced, and teachers’ ideological and political quality, professional ability, educational level and innovation ability have been significantly improved, so as to build a team of high-quality professional and innovative college teachers with excellent political quality, exquisite professional ability and superb educational level.

　　The second is to comprehensively strengthen the leadership of the party and constantly improve teachers’ ideological and political quality and professional ethics.

　　Strengthen ideological and political guidance. Guide teachers to adhere to the "four unifications", strive to be good teachers with "four haves", be good "four guides", strengthen "four consciousnesses", strengthen "four self-confidences" and achieve "two maintenance". Strengthen the Party’s political leadership over colleges and universities, strengthen the political function of party organizations in colleges and universities, strengthen the supervision of education management in party member, and give play to the role of grass-roots party organizations and teachers in party member. Attach importance to the development of party member among outstanding young teachers and teachers who have returned from studying abroad. Improve the organization and management system of teachers’ ideological and political work, and give full play to the overall role of the teachers’ work department of the party Committee of colleges and universities in teachers’ ideological and political work and the construction of teachers’ morality and style. Improve teachers’ theoretical learning system, and comprehensively improve teachers’ ideological and political quality and moral education ability. Strengthen the ideological and political construction of private colleges and universities, and equip and strengthen the ideological and political work team of private colleges and universities.

　　Cultivate and carry forward noble teachers’ morality. Normalization will promote the cultivation of teachers’ morality, and all kinds of teachers’ morality norms will be included in the compulsory content of pre-job training for new teachers and full-time training for in-service teachers. Innovate the way of teachers’ morality education, and stimulate teachers’ endogenous motivation to cultivate teachers’ morality through example leading, situational experience, practical education and teacher-student interaction. Strengthen the "Four History" education of college teachers, standardize the requirements of class hours, and achieve full coverage of all staff in a certain period. Build a good base of teachers’ morality and build a curriculum system of teachers’ morality education. Strengthen teachers’ commendation and improve the teacher honor system. Colleges and universities can hold teachers’ induction and retirement ceremonies, and set up teaching-oriented awards to encourage teachers to concentrate on educating people. Encourage social organizations and individuals to contribute funds to reward teachers. Support local and universities to establish excellent teachers’ libraries, tap typical examples, and strengthen publicity and inspiration. Continue to launch film and television literary works with distinctive themes and showing the style of the teacher era.

　　Strengthen the implementation of teacher’s ethics evaluation. Take teachers’ morality and style as the primary requirement and the first standard in teacher recruitment and introduction, professional title evaluation, post employment, tutor selection, evaluation and reward, employment period assessment, project declaration, etc., strictly assess teachers’ morality, and pay attention to the use of teachers’ morality assessment results. New teachers in colleges and universities must receive special training on teachers’ morality and style before taking up their posts, and only after reaching a certain number of hours and passing the examination can they obtain the qualifications of teachers in colleges and universities and take up their posts to teach. Effectively implement the main responsibility and take the construction of teachers’ morality and style as an important part of the annual assessment of the leading bodies in colleges and universities. Implement the "Ten Codes of Professional Conduct for College Teachers in the New Era" and seriously investigate and deal with the problem of teachers’ moral anomie according to the law and regulations. Establish and improve the exposure mechanism of teachers’ morality violations, and play a warning and shocking role. Relying on the national criminal information database established by political and legal organs, we will establish a system of employment restriction in the education industry.

　　The third is to build a platform for the development of teachers in colleges and universities, and strive to improve teachers’ professional quality and ability.

　　Improve the teacher development system in colleges and universities. Colleges and universities should improve the teacher development system, improve the teacher development training system, security system, incentive system and supervision system, and create a benign environment conducive to the sustainable development of teachers. Actively respond to the challenge of new science and technology to personnel training and improve teachers’ ability to improve teaching by using information technology. Encourage and support college teachers to visit and study at home and abroad and participate in international exchanges and cooperation. Continue to implement the demonstration training project for young teachers in colleges and universities and the construction project of teaching innovation team for higher vocational teachers. Explore the management of teachers’ training credits, and incorporate training credits into teachers’ assessment.

　　Consolidate the development support service system for college teachers. Coordinate the responsibilities of teacher training, career development consultation, education and teaching guidance, academic development, and learning resource services, build a platform such as a strong teacher development center, and improve the teacher development organization system. Colleges and universities should strengthen the development of teachers and the professionalization of personnel, increase the investment in personnel, funds, venues and other resources for teacher development, and promote the construction of demonstration teacher development centers at all levels. Encourage universities and large and medium-sized enterprises and institutions to build teacher training bases, support the exchange and integration of professional teachers in colleges and universities and talent teams in industry enterprises, and enhance teachers’ practical ability and innovation ability. Give play to the exemplary role of famous teachers and teaching achievement awards.

　　The fourth is to improve the management system of teachers in modern universities and stimulate the innovative vitality of teachers.

　　Improve the employment mechanism of college teachers. Fully implement the autonomy of employing people in colleges and universities, and the relevant government departments do not uniformly organize the employment examination for college personnel, simplifying the entry procedures. In accordance with the relevant provisions of the state and the actual needs of running a school, colleges and universities independently formulate the employment conditions of teachers and recruit teachers openly. The graduation institution, study experience abroad, study methods, papers and patents shall not be taken as restrictive conditions. Strictly control the selection and employment of college teachers, and implement the dual inspection of ideological and political quality and professional ability. Establish a system linking the pre-job training of new teachers with the qualifications of college teachers. Broaden the channels for selecting and employing people, and increase efforts to attract outstanding talents from domestic and foreign industrial enterprises and professional organizations. According to the requirements, complete and optimize the team of teachers and counselors of ideological and political courses in colleges and universities. Explore the employment experience and social practice experience of industrial enterprises as important conditions for hiring professional teachers in vocational colleges. To study and introduce measures for the appointment and management of foreign teachers and standardize the management of foreign teachers.

　　Speed up the reform of post management of college teachers. Actively explore the implementation of the total staff management in colleges and universities. Colleges and universities adopt diversified employment methods according to law to employ people flexibly, make good use of compilation resources, give priority to ensuring the demand of teaching and scientific research, and tilt towards key disciplines, characteristic disciplines and important management positions. Reasonably set the proportion of post structure of teaching staff and strengthen the construction of staff. We will further promote the post employment reform, implement the post tenure system management, further explore the management methods such as the combination of quasi-employment and long-term employment, and implement and improve the employment mechanism that can be promoted and demoted, and can enter and exit.

　　Strengthen the management of teachers’ education and teaching in colleges and universities. Improve the teaching quality evaluation system, multi-dimensional evaluation of teaching norms, teaching operation, classroom teaching effect, teaching reform and research, teaching awards and other teaching achievements. Strengthen the proportion of teaching achievements and the effectiveness of teaching and educating people in performance distribution, job title evaluation and employment, and post promotion assessment, and take a certain amount of undergraduate (specialized) teaching as a necessary condition for the promotion of teachers’ titles. Taking professors as the basic system, colleges and universities should make it clear that professors should undertake the minimum class hours requirements for college students, and those who fail to meet the requirements will be given unqualified annual or employment assessment.

　　Promote the reform of the professional title system of college teachers. Study and introduce the guiding opinions on the reform of the professional title system of college teachers, and delegate the right of professional title evaluation directly to colleges and universities, which will independently evaluate and appoint them according to their posts. Improve the evaluation criteria for teachers’ professional titles, set evaluation indicators according to different disciplines and different post characteristics, and determine evaluation methods. The study experience abroad, the number of patents and the index requirements for indexing, inclusion and citation of papers are not restrictive conditions. Improve the evaluation mechanism of peer experts and carry out the evaluation of representative achievements. Explore the introduction of contribution evaluation mechanism for teachers who undertake national defense and key core technology research tasks. Improve the process of professional title evaluation, and continue to do a good job in the supervision of professional title evaluation of college teachers.

　　Deepen the reform of the evaluation system for college teachers. Highlight quality orientation, pay attention to evaluating teachers according to their ability, performance and contribution, resolutely reverse the tendency of neglecting teaching and educating people, and overcome the disadvantages of focusing on papers, hats, titles, academic qualifications and awards. Standardize the use of indexes related to papers such as SCI in colleges and universities, avoid the absoluteness in the use of citation data such as SCI, SSCI, A&HCI and CSSCI, resolutely abandon "judging papers by journals" and get rid of "SCI first" in papers. Reasonably set the evaluation cycle and explore long-term evaluation. Pay attention to the combination of individual evaluation and team evaluation. Establish a hierarchical feedback mechanism for assessment results. Establish a linkage mechanism of college evaluation, undergraduate teaching evaluation, subject evaluation and teacher evaluation policies, and optimize and adjust the evaluation indicators that restrict and influence the implementation of teacher evaluation policies.

　　Establish and improve the management system of part-time teachers and part-time teachers. On the premise of performing their duties on campus and not affecting their own jobs, college teachers may, with the consent of the school, take part-time jobs that are closely related to their own disciplines and can give full play to their professional abilities. Localities and universities should establish and improve the management system of teachers’ part-time jobs, standardize teachers’ reasonable part-time jobs, and resolutely punish teachers’ part-time chaos. Encourage colleges and universities to hire off-campus experts and scholars as part-time teachers, improve the management measures for part-time teachers, standardize the selection and employment procedures, clarify the standards, responsibilities, rights and work requirements of part-time teachers, and ensure that part-time teachers have high professional ethics, professional ability and educational level.

　　The fifth is to effectively protect the treatment of college teachers and attract stable first-class talents to teach.

　　Promote the reform of salary system in colleges and universities. Implement the income distribution policy oriented to increasing knowledge value, expand the autonomy of salary distribution in colleges and universities, and explore the establishment of a salary system that conforms to the characteristics of colleges and universities. We will explore the establishment of a system for investigating and comparing the salary level in colleges and universities, improve the mechanism for determining and increasing the salary level in colleges and universities, reasonably determine the salary income level of college teachers on the basis of ensuring the normal adjustment of the basic salary level, and increase the inclination to colleges and universities with high-level talents and heavy teaching and scientific research tasks. The cash reward for the transformation of post scientific and technological achievements obtained by college teachers according to law is included in the total performance salary of the unit in that year, but it is not limited by the total amount and is not included in the total base. Implement policies and regulations such as salary and income distribution incentives for high-level talents, part-time and part-time salary, and starting a business after leaving the post. Encourage universities to set up professorships funded by third parties.

　　Improve the incentive mechanism of internal income distribution in colleges and universities. To implement the autonomy of internal distribution in colleges and universities, colleges and universities should improve the internal income distribution mechanism and performance appraisal methods in combination with the actual situation, and tilt towards teachers who are rooted in the front line of teaching and have outstanding achievements, teachers who have undertaken urgent and dangerous tasks and made outstanding contributions, and teachers who are engaged in basic frontier research, national defense science and technology and other fields. Take part in teaching and research activities, write textbook cases, undertake the task of proposition invigilation, and guide students in graduation design, employment, innovation and entrepreneurship, social practice, student associations, competitions and performances, etc. into the workload. Encourage excellent teachers to undertake the teaching work of continuing education, and bring the relevant workload into the performance appraisal system. Do not directly link the quantitative indicators of scientific research such as the number of papers, patents, projects and project funds with performance salary distribution and rewards, and give full play to the incentive-oriented role of income distribution policy.

　　The sixth is to optimize and improve the talent management service system and cultivate a group of high-level innovative talents.

　　Optimize the talent introduction and education system. Strengthen the strategic orientation of serving the country, strengthen the top-level design of the talent system, give full play to the leading role of major national talent projects, strive to build a high-level innovation team, and cultivate a group of scientists, discipline leaders and young academic talents with international influence. Standardize the introduction of talents, strictly control politics and ethics, and achieve "every citation must be judged." Strengthen the construction of talents in philosophy and social sciences and high-end think tanks in colleges and universities, and gather and train a group of famous teachers in philosophy and social sciences. Adhere to the correct orientation of talent flow, encourage colleges and universities to establish industry self-discipline mechanism and talent flow consultation and communication mechanism, and give play to the role of talent work alliance in colleges and universities. Resolutely put an end to the illegal introduction of talents, and those who leave relevant units and posts within the support period without the consent of the competent department of talent planning will be disqualified from the title of talents and corresponding support.

　　Scientific and rational use of talents. Give full play to the role of talent strategic resources, adhere to the correct orientation of talent use, promote the reform of talent evaluation mechanism by classification, promote the return of all kinds of talent "hats" and talent titles to honor and academic essence, avoid repeated support of similar talent plans, select people according to their posts, and determine their salaries according to their posts, and do not take talent titles as restrictive conditions for undertaking scientific research projects, job titles, appraising awards and degree points. Create an academic environment that encourages innovation and tolerates failure, and leave enough exploration time and trial and error space for talents to carry out research. Strict management of talents after employment, strengthen the assessment of contract performance and role play. Strengthen the care and service for talents, and effectively solve their practical difficulties in work and life.

　　Seventh, fully support the growth of young teachers and cultivate a new force in higher education.

　　Strengthen the training support for young teachers. Encourage colleges and universities to expand the number of postdoctoral recruits and take postdoctoral staff as an important source of supplementary teachers. Establish a diversified supplementary mechanism for young teachers to attract overseas students and foreign outstanding young talents. Encourage young teachers to work in enterprises and institutions and visit high-level universities and research institutes at home and abroad. Encourage colleges and universities to promote and boldly use outstanding young talents. Determine the evaluation cycle of young teachers according to the characteristics of the subject, and encourage bold innovation and continuous research. Young teachers in colleges and universities must have at least one year’s work experience as counselors, class teachers and other students, or work experience in teaching, helping the poor, and participating in foreign aid exchanges between Confucius Institutes and international organizations.

　　Solve the worries of young teachers. Local governments and universities should strengthen overall coordination, guarantee those who meet the guarantee conditions of public rental housing according to policies and regulations, and at the same time, effectively solve the housing difficulties of young teachers through various ways such as developing rental housing, revitalizing and tapping the existing resources in schools, and granting subsidies. Encourage various ways to improve the treatment of young teachers and ensure that young teachers focus on teaching and scientific research. Encourage colleges and universities to cooperate with social forces and the government to set up kindergartens, primary and secondary schools to solve the problem of young teachers’ children entering kindergartens. Pay attention to the physical and mental health of young teachers and care for them.

　　Eighth, strengthen job security and ensure that all policy measures are effective.

　　Improve the organizational security system. Taking the construction of high-quality teachers as the basic work in the construction of colleges and universities, strengthening the main responsibility of schools, and improving the working mechanism of unified leadership and overall coordination of party committees, with teachers’ work, organization, publicity, personnel, educational administration, scientific research and other departments performing their respective duties and cooperating. Establish a system of leading cadres contacting teachers and listen to teachers’ opinions and suggestions regularly. Implement the staff congress system, and guarantee teachers’ right to know, participate, express and supervise according to law. Strengthen the construction of teachers in private colleges and universities, and ensure that teachers in private colleges and universities have the same legal status and equal rights as teachers in public colleges and universities according to law. Strengthen supervision and assessment, and bring the construction of teachers into the scope of university inspection, "double-first-class" construction, teaching and scientific research evaluation, as an important part of the work assessment of party organizations at all levels and cadres in party member. Strengthen the publicity of excellent teachers and typical work, safeguard teachers’ legitimate rights and interests, create a social environment that cares for and supports teachers’ development, and form a good atmosphere in which the whole society respects teachers and values education.

Shanghai bill exchange opened today, and the bill market has entered a new stage.

　　Cctv newsThe Shanghai Bills Exchange, led by the head office of the People’s Bank of China, officially opened this morning.

　　Zhou Xiaochuan, Governor of the People’s Bank of China, said that the formal establishment of the Shanghai Bill Exchange is an important measure to deepen financial reform and development in China. In recent years, the rapid development of China’s bill market has played an important role in broadening the financing channels of enterprises and improving the multi-level financial market system. As a national unified bill trading platform with multi-functions of bill trading, registration and custody, clearing and settlement, and information service, Shanghai Bill Exchange will greatly improve the transparency and trading efficiency of the bill market, stimulate market vitality, and better guard against bill business risks; It is also helpful to improve the central bank’s financial regulation, optimize the transmission mechanism of monetary policy, and enhance the ability of financial services to the real economy.

　　The so-called negotiable instrument, according to the definition of China’s "Negotiable Instrument Law", refers to the securities with the purpose of paying money. Generally, it refers to bank drafts and commercial drafts, checks and cashier’s checks. Bills can be used for payment, mortgage and loan, and also have many functions such as financing, circulation and settlement. It is a common tool in modern finance.

　　According to insiders, China’s bill market is basically a spontaneous market at present, and various transaction barriers and information asymmetry have reduced the resource utilization efficiency of the bill market to a certain extent and increased the financing cost of the real economy, especially small and medium-sized enterprises. The establishment of the bill exchange will break the current bill market structure, form an intensive market organization form with legal persons as the main participants, electronic custody of paper bills and centralized and transparent information, help to break through the restrictions of geography and time on transactions, enable market participants to obtain more comprehensive and true market information, establish a nationwide, highly centralized and unified market form, improve the owners’ willingness to trade and speed of circulation, and further strengthen the supporting role of bill acceptance and discount to the real economy.

　　At the same time, the establishment of the bill exchange is helpful to improve the risk management level of the whole bill market. Bill business involves many risks, such as compliance risk, market risk, operational risk, moral hazard, etc., and there are many characteristics such as large amount of cases and hidden modus operandi. In recent years, a number of bills-related cases broke out in Agricultural Bank of China, China CITIC Bank and bank of tianjin, and some cases involved billions of yuan, which brought great risks to the market. The establishment of the bill exchange will help the central bank to standardize the market behavior, and by issuing and solidifying the bill supervision regulations and risk dynamics, it will help to enhance the understanding and understanding of the bill rules and regulations, risk prevention and control, and compliance operation of market participants, and improve the compliance of market participants’ behavior.

　　In addition, the settlement of Shanghai Bill Exchange in Shanghai has a far-reaching impact on the construction of Shanghai International Financial Center and Pilot Free Trade Zone. It is conducive to enriching the infrastructure of the financial market and further improving the market system and functions of Shanghai International Financial Center; Further enhance the global influence of Shanghai International Financial Center.

　　After its opening today, Industrial and Commercial Bank of China successfully completed a 1 million-yuan commercial bill reposting and cash selling business on the Shanghai Bill Exchange, which is also the first bill reposting and cash selling transaction after the opening of the Shanghai Bill Exchange. (CCTV reporter Zhang Daofeng Wang Lei)